Showing posts with label Royal. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Royal. Show all posts

Tuesday, 20 September 2011

The King Of Terror

The King of Terror


Stephen Edwin King is one of today's most popular and best selling writers.
King combines the elements of psychological thrillers, science fiction, the paranormal,
and detective themes into his stories. In addition to these themes, King sticks to
using great and vivid detail that is set in a realistic everyday place. Stephen King
who is mainly known for his novels, has broadened his horizons to different types of
writings such as movie scripts, nonfiction, autobiographies, children's books, and short
stories. While Stephen King might be best known for his novels The Stand and It, some
of his best work that has been published are his short stories such as "The Body" and
"Quitters Inc". King's works are so powerful because he uses his experience and
observations from his everyday life and places them into his unique stories.
Stephen Edwin King was born in Portland, Maine, on September 21, 1947, at the
Maine General Hospital. Stephen, his mother Nellie, and his adopted brother David were
left to fend for themselves when Stephen's father Donald, a Merchant Marine captain,
left one day, to go the store to buy a pack of cigarettes, and never returned. His
fathers leaving had a big indirect impact on King's life. In the autobiographical work
Danse Macabre, Stephen King recalls how his family life was altered: "After my father
took off, my mother, struggled, and then landed on her feet." My brother and I didn't
see a great deal of her over the next nine years. She worked a succession of continuous
low paying jobs." Stephen's first outlooks on life were influenced by his older brother
and what he figured out on his own. While young Stephen and his family moved around
the
North Eastern and Central United States. When he was seven years old, they moved to
Stratford, Connecticut. Here is where King got his first exposure to horror. One
evening he listened to the radio adaptation of Ray Bradbury's story "Mars Is Heaven!"
That night King recalls he "slept in the doorway, where the real and rational light of
the bathroom bulb could shine on my face" (Beaham 16). Stephen King's exposure to
oral storytelling on the radio had a large impact on his later writings. King tells his
stories in visual terms so that the reader would be able to "see" what was happening in
their own mind, somewhat in the same fashion the way it was done on the radio (Beaham
17). King's fascination with horror early on continued and was pushed along only a
couple weeks after Bradbury's story. One day little Stephen was looking through his
mother's books and came across one named "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr.
Hyde."
After his mother finished reading the book to him, Stephen was hooked. He immediately
asked her to read it again. King recalls "that summer when I was seven, [my mother]
must have read it to me half a dozen times"(Beaham 17). Ironically that same year,
while Stephen was still seven years old, he went to go see his first horror movie, The
Creature from the Black Lagoon. This is important because Stephen says, " Since [the
movie], I still see things cinematically. I write down everything I see. What I see,
it seems like a movie to me"(Beaham 17). During this year the biggest event that
probably had the biggest impact on Stephen King's writing style was the discovery of the
author H. P. Lovecraft. King would later write of Lovecraft, "He struck with the most
force, and I still think, for all his shortcomings, he is the best writer of horror
fiction that America has yet produced"(Beaham 22). In many of Lovecraft's writings he
always used his present surroundings as the back drop of his stories. King has followed
in his footsteps with the fictional town of Castle Rock, Maine. Castle Rock is a
combination of several towns that King moved to and from with his family in his
childhood. The main town that it resembles is that of Durham, Maine. It was after the
exposure to H. P. Lovecraft's stories that King first began to write.
While growing up and moving around the way his family did, Stephen had never
been able to feel comfortable and settle down in one place and make friends they way
other kids his age did (Underwood 77). Around the age of twelve the King family
finally settled in the town of Durham, Maine. For Stephen King, Durham was the place
where his imagination began to shine. It was at this time that Stephen first began to
make friends. Along with his friends, Stephen would go the movies a lot. Stephen would
use the movies as a inspiration. Although he enjoyed going out and having fun,
whenever he would come home, Stephen would immediately write down his experiences
and
observations. Frequently King would place his friends and family into childhood fantasy
tales. And one would always know how Stephen felt about them because of how long
they
lived in the story. It was not until college that Stephen King received any kind of
real recognition for his writings. In the Fall of 1967, King finished his first novel,
The Long Walk, and turned it into his sophomore American Literature professor for
review. After a couple of weeks and a couple rounds around the department, the English
professors were stunned. They realized that they had a real writer on their hands.
>From then until he graduated with a bachelors degree in English from University of
Maine
at Orono in the Spring of 1970, King concentrated on rounding off the edges of his
writing technique.
One short story that best shows the type and technique of Stephen King's writing
is "The Body." "The Body", which has been adapted into to a Hollywood movie, was
first
published in the collection of short stories called Different Seasons. The story is a
tale of four twelve year old friends who at the end of one summer go out on a journey in
into the woods to see a dead body. While on their journey they learn about life,
friendship, and are propelled from innocent to experienced. On the surface of the story
it appears to be simple journey with its occasional mishaps, but the true magnificence
is that this story has a strong autobiographical coincidence. The main character,
Gordie Lachance, is a boy growing up on his own through the memory of his dead older
brother. Growing up, Gordie, an avid story teller, dreamed of becoming a writer.
Before his brothers accidental death, all his parents would ever care about was his
brother. Since his death, Gordie's parents have presumably shut themselves away from
Gordie. This, to a certain degree is true of King. Because of his father leaving when
Stephen was two, and his mother taking on around the clock jobs, he never really had any
parental guidance.
The story itself is written with Gordie narrating in the present time look back
at the journey. At the time of his flashback, Gordie is a best selling author who has
returned to his home town of Castle Rock to revisit his past. This is ironic because at
the time Stephen wrote the story he himself had just moved from Bolder, Colorado, back
"home" to the town of Bangor. King's childhood home town of Durham is used in several
different stories under the fictional town name of Castle Rock. It is also noticeable
how in the story when Gordie "looks" back to him and his brother, his brother is the
only person who cares for him. He noticeably goes out of his way to look out for
Gordie, and is always encouraging his and asking him about his writing, while all his
parents seem to do is ignore Gordie. This also can be related to King's past because
while growing up his brother while only two years older then him, always seemed to be
there for Stephen and look out for him. Probably the deepest imagery of the story is at
the end of the novel. Gordie is shown back at home and putting the finishing touches on
his latest work. While finishing up, Gordie is interrupted by his son who is shown in
a sense to be a good-natured and caring boy. Gordie experiences a deep love for his
family at the time. This setup is presumably placed in the story as an escape for King.
In his autobiography Danse Macabre, King tells of his fear of providing for and caring
for a family (Reino 112). This shows King pushing away the fear, in a sense saying
that he is all right. That he has now embraced the idea.
One of King's best work is also one that does not fit in any category of his
usual writings. For an author who usually writes horror, "Rita Hayworth and Shawshank
Redemption", is a story that is a refreshing sidestep. The story tells of how Andy
Dufresne, who is falsely tried, convicted, and sentenced to back to back life sentences
for the double murder of his wife and her lover, deals with being trapped within a
dreadful situation that are out of his hands. Throughout the nineteen years that he is
in Shawshank prison, Andy has to endure everything from a gang called the "Sisters", who
go around raping and beating their prey to being forced to create and run a money
laundering scheme for the prison Warden. If this story was written without the authors
name on it, there is none of Stephen King's characteristic style, except for maybe in
one place in the story. The one possible place that even hints that it is from the mind
of King is at the end of the story where Red is off to keep his promise to Andy. Andy
asks Red, that when he get out of jail to travel to a southern Maine town called Buxton
and look for something he buried in a "hay field under a large oak field." The suspense
of what was buried and the description of the field in Buxton is what is typical of
Stephen King. While the story is very uncharacteristic of King it does deep down relate
to himself. The theme of hope and of how Andy overcomes the situation is one that is
tied closely to King. It runs a direct parallel with life as a child and how his life
has turned out. Just as Andy was thrown into predicament and later escapes and lives
his life on his own terms, Stephen, early on was forced to move from town to town with
mother and brother. In the end Stephen escapes and now lives on his own terms.
Stephen King's works are so powerful because he uses his experiences and
observations from his life and places them into his unique works. What seems to make
Stephen King's stories almost magical is that the settings of his stories are placed
into common every day places. Additionally, Stephen's writings are true to life in
peoples mind's because he draws upon common fears. Just as King's writing style and
genre had been influenced by movies throughout his life, he is now influencing the
same industry with his own vision and imagination. King's writings are so widely
appealing that over 42 of his works have been based upon or turned into Hollywood
movies which have included stars like Jack Nicholson (The Shining), John Travolta
(Carrie), and Morgan Freeman (The Shawshank Redemption).
Works Cited
Beaham , George . Stephen King Companion , The . Kansas City : Universal Press
Syndicate Company , 1995 .
Beaham , George . Stephen King Story, The : A Literary Profile . Kansas City :
Universal Press Syndicate Company , 1992 .
King , Stephen . "Body , The" in Different Seasons . New York : Viking Penguin
Inc ., 1982 .
King , Stephen . "Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption" in Different Seasons
. New York : Viking Penguin Inc ., 1982 .
Reino , Joseph . Stephen King : The First Decade , Carrie to Pet Sematary .
Boston : Twayne Publishers , 1988 .
Underwood , Tom . Conversations on Terror with Stephen King . New York :
Warner
Books , 1988 .

Wednesday, 14 September 2011

Martin Luther King

Martin Luther King

The most important person to have made a significant change in the

rights of Blacks was Martin Luther King. He had great courage and passion

to defeat segregation and racism that existed in the United States, and it

was his influence to all the Blacks to defy white supremacy and his belief

in nonviolence that lead to the success of the Civil Rights movement.

Martin Luther King was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia

where the city suffered most of the racial discrimination in the South,

and, in addition, the Ku Klux Klan had one of it's headquarters there. But

it was his father, Martin Luther King Sr. who played an important role in

shaping the personality of his son. M.L. Sr. helped to advocate the idea

that Blacks should vote. He was involved with the National Association for

the Advancement of Coloured People, an important Civil Rights group. These

efforts to improve the way of life for Blacks could be seen by his son.

In December 5, 1955 King began to be significant in the changing of

the Black man's way of life. The boycott of the Montgomery Bus was begun

when Rosa Parks refused to surrender her seat on a bus to a white man on

December 1st. Two Patrolmen took her away to the police station where she

was booked. He and 50 other ministered held a meeting and agreed to start a

boycott on December 5th, the day of Rosa Parks's hearing. This boycott

would probably be successful since 70% of the riders were black. The bus

company did not take them seriously, because if there was bad weather, they

would have to take the bus. The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA)

was established to co-ordinate the boycott. They had a special agreement

with black cab companies, in which they were allowed to get a ride for a

much cheaper price than normal. Blacks had to walk to work, and so they did

not have time to do any shopping and therefore the sales decreased

dramatically. On January 30, while M.L was making a speech, his house was

bombed. Luckily his wife and baby had left the living room when the bomb

exploded, but a black mob formed and was angry about what had happened, and

Policemen were sent to the scene to control the situation, even though they

were outnumbered. King, however, because of his strong belief in

nonviolence, urged the crowd to not use their guns and to go home.

The news coverage increased on the Montgomery boycott as months

passed. He travelled to many places and made speeches in order to raise

money for the MIA's legal fees. When he returned he found that he was

charged for breaking an anti-boycott law. He and the others were found

guilty, but they appealed the sentence. When in November 13, the MIA was

fined $15,000, at the same time, the Supreme Court found the Alabama's

segregation laws were unconstitutional. That night the KKK looted 40 cars

in hopes of scaring the Blacks. But the black people did not hide in their

homes and turn the lights off. They stayed on their porches and waved

showing that they were not afraid of them at all. By 1957 Martin Luther

King became a national figure. Time magazine wrote a story on him, and his

ideology of nonviolence began to spread throughout the country. The boycott

gave a strong psychological push of courage that would continue until

Blacks obtained what was morally right.

What made Martin Luther King striking was his conviction on

non-violence. He believed that this belief could give blacks a superior

level of morality over whites. This ideology was important for his success

in later years. As a result, it helped restrain the use of violence from

whites to blacks and vice versa. This philosophy was tested during the

Montgomery bus boycott. Before the successful boycott, blacks used violence

in order to protest racism. During the boycott, however, on both sides

violence was not a measure to be taken. When someone bombed King's home,

the fact that violence was used against a nonviolent group made the idea of

the black man's cause more agreeable.

Whites, as a result of the boycott, realised the threat for blacks to

be equal was increasing. They used legal measures to break up the NAACP

(National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People). In time the

NAACP became very weak, and so the SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership

Conference) became more significant to the black man's cause. It was lead

by King, Rustin, Levison, and Baker, and was a Negro church which

represented "the most stable institution of the Southern Negro community".

The party gave a tremendous morale strength in the goal for the equality of

blacks. The SCLC was stronger than the NAACP because it did not depend on

state officials. Because there were no membership lists, it was difficult

to single out individual black followers.

It is noteworthy to mention one incident that occurred in 1958 when he

made visits to promote his book. A demonic woman attempted to stab him.

When he was rushed to a hospital, he later found out that if he had tried

to take out the knife or if it moved in any way, he would have died because

the tip of the knife was touching the aorta of his heart. King's will and

courage to fight for civil rights was affected by the achievements of

Gandhi's philosophy. On February 10, 1959, he toured India and admired

Gandhi for his achievements in breaking down the caste system, which was a

system in which the hierarchy of social classes dominated the country.

His influence onto black students was incredible. They felt the

courage to revolt against segregation. For example, on February 1, 1960,

there was a group of black college students in Greensboro, North Carolina,

who sat down in a lunch room for whites. This tactic became popular and was

being used everywhere. As a result, King suggested that they create a

permanent organization. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

(SNCC) was formed.

One of the instrumental factors which aided King to his role in the

Civil Rights Movement was Senator John F. Kennedy's support for his

beliefs. Kennedy showed his support when King, for example, was found

guilty of driving with an invalid license, and was find $25 plus one year's

probation. When police arrested him again during the probationary period,

he was sentenced to four months in a jail which demanded heavy labour. This

jail was also the home of KKK criminals. Senator Kennedy promised to help

King and by doing so, won the support of 75% blacks. King urged for Kennedy

to help the Civil Rights Movement, and so the Congress of Racial Equality

(CORE) decided to see for themselves whether the banning of segregation was

actually working. These civil rights activists were called Freedom Riders.

But white activists beat them and burnt the buses they were on. King

realised that the media was a very powerful tool when they covered the use

of violence by the KKK.

The continual effort to strengthen the message for rights can be

outlined in Birmingham, Alabama. After King and three other leaders were

released from jail (they were arrested because during one of his organized

protests), they were surprised to find that 1000 youths were protesting.

Though 900 were arrested, the next day 2500 children were protesting. Water

hoses were used by authorities to fight the blacks. Attack dogs were also

used to control the mob. But when the public was shown of the violent

methods, it increased the sympathy onto King's cause. Despite this, 3000

youngsters demonstrated the next day. There was no more space in the jails

and finally the business leaders of the community realized that the would

need to start negotiating, or they would suffer financially.

The height of King's career was in 1964, when the Civil Rights Act was

enacted. It was sent through Congress by President Kennedy in 1963, but he

did not live to see it go through. He was assassinated on November 22,

1963. His successor, President Johnson, passed it through Congress. It

allowed the federal government to enforce any racial discrimination in

public areas like restaurants and hotels. It allowed the government to hold

federal funds from places where racism existed. It also prohibited

discrimination in the voter-registration procedures. Whites previously

discriminated Blacks from voting if they were illiterate, but the Act

forbade this. M.L.'s success was acknowledged when he was awarded the Nobel

Prize in the same year.

A tragic day struck on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tenn.. He was

planning to participate in a Poor People's March to Washington. While

standing on the balcony of the motel where he was staying with his

partners, he was killed by a bullet which was shot by James Earl Ray. On

March 10, 1969, he pleaded guilty and was sentenced 99 years in prison.

Martin Luther King was able to achieve the impossible. He was an

ambitious man who wanted to make a difference in the lives of every

American Black. Step by step, he organized demonstrations and made speeches

to further strengthen his cause. His philosophy of non-violence played a

key role in the success of the right to be free. Carved on his crypt is a

phrase he said many times:

Free at last, free at last

Thank God Almighty

I'm free at last.

Martin Luther King 4

Martin Luther King

The most important person to have made a significant change in the

rights of Blacks was Martin Luther King. He had great courage and passion

to defeat segregation and racism that existed in the United States, and it

was his influence to all the Blacks to defy white supremacy and his belief

in nonviolence that lead to the success of the Civil Rights movement.

Martin Luther King was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia

where the city suffered most of the racial discrimination in the South,

and, in addition, the Ku Klux Klan had one of it's headquarters there. But

it was his father, Martin Luther King Sr. who played an important role in

shaping the personality of his son. M.L. Sr. helped to advocate the idea

that Blacks should vote. He was involved with the National Association for

the Advancement of Coloured People, an important Civil Rights group. These

efforts to improve the way of life for Blacks could be seen by his son.

In December 5, 1955 King began to be significant in the changing of

the Black man's way of life. The boycott of the Montgomery Bus was begun

when Rosa Parks refused to surrender her seat on a bus to a white man on

December 1st. Two Patrolmen took her away to the police station where she

was booked. He and 50 other ministered held a meeting and agreed to start a

boycott on December 5th, the day of Rosa Parks's hearing. This boycott

would probably be successful since 70% of the riders were black. The bus

company did not take them seriously, because if there was bad weather, they

would have to take the bus. The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA)

was established to co-ordinate the boycott. They had a special agreement

with black cab companies, in which they were allowed to get a ride for a

much cheaper price than normal. Blacks had to walk to work, and so they did

not have time to do any shopping and therefore the sales decreased

dramatically. On January 30, while M.L was making a speech, his house was

bombed. Luckily his wife and baby had left the living room when the bomb

exploded, but a black mob formed and was angry about what had happened, and

Policemen were sent to the scene to control the situation, even though they

were outnumbered. King, however, because of his strong belief in

nonviolence, urged the crowd to not use their guns and to go home.

The news coverage increased on the Montgomery boycott as months

passed. He travelled to many places and made speeches in order to raise

money for the MIA's legal fees. When he returned he found that he was

charged for breaking an anti-boycott law. He and the others were found

guilty, but they appealed the sentence. When in November 13, the MIA was

fined $15,000, at the same time, the Supreme Court found the Alabama's

segregation laws were unconstitutional. That night the KKK looted 40 cars

in hopes of scaring the Blacks. But the black people did not hide in their

homes and turn the lights off. They stayed on their porches and waved

showing that they were not afraid of them at all. By 1957 Martin Luther

King became a national figure. Time magazine wrote a story on him, and his

ideology of nonviolence began to spread throughout the country. The boycott

gave a strong psychological push of courage that would continue until

Blacks obtained what was morally right.

What made Martin Luther King striking was his conviction on

non-violence. He believed that this belief could give blacks a superior

level of morality over whites. This ideology was important for his success

in later years. As a result, it helped restrain the use of violence from

whites to blacks and vice versa. This philosophy was tested during the

Montgomery bus boycott. Before the successful boycott, blacks used violence

in order to protest racism. During the boycott, however, on both sides

violence was not a measure to be taken. When someone bombed King's home,

the fact that violence was used against a nonviolent group made the idea of

the black man's cause more agreeable.

Whites, as a result of the boycott, realised the threat for blacks to

be equal was increasing. They used legal measures to break up the NAACP

(National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People). In time the

NAACP became very weak, and so the SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership

Conference) became more significant to the black man's cause. It was lead

by King, Rustin, Levison, and Baker, and was a Negro church which

represented "the most stable institution of the Southern Negro community".

The party gave a tremendous morale strength in the goal for the equality of

blacks. The SCLC was stronger than the NAACP because it did not depend on

state officials. Because there were no membership lists, it was difficult

to single out individual black followers.

It is noteworthy to mention one incident that occurred in 1958 when he

made visits to promote his book. A demonic woman attempted to stab him.

When he was rushed to a hospital, he later found out that if he had tried

to take out the knife or if it moved in any way, he would have died because

the tip of the knife was touching the aorta of his heart. King's will and

courage to fight for civil rights was affected by the achievements of

Gandhi's philosophy. On February 10, 1959, he toured India and admired

Gandhi for his achievements in breaking down the caste system, which was a

system in which the hierarchy of social classes dominated the country.

His influence onto black students was incredible. They felt the

courage to revolt against segregation. For example, on February 1, 1960,

there was a group of black college students in Greensboro, North Carolina,

who sat down in a lunch room for whites. This tactic became popular and was

being used everywhere. As a result, King suggested that they create a

permanent organization. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

(SNCC) was formed.

One of the instrumental factors which aided King to his role in the

Civil Rights Movement was Senator John F. Kennedy's support for his

beliefs. Kennedy showed his support when King, for example, was found

guilty of driving with an invalid license, and was find $25 plus one year's

probation. When police arrested him again during the probationary period,

he was sentenced to four months in a jail which demanded heavy labour. This

jail was also the home of KKK criminals. Senator Kennedy promised to help

King and by doing so, won the support of 75% blacks. King urged for Kennedy

to help the Civil Rights Movement, and so the Congress of Racial Equality

(CORE) decided to see for themselves whether the banning of segregation was

actually working. These civil rights activists were called Freedom Riders.

But white activists beat them and burnt the buses they were on. King

realised that the media was a very powerful tool when they covered the use

of violence by the KKK.

The continual effort to strengthen the message for rights can be

outlined in Birmingham, Alabama. After King and three other leaders were

released from jail (they were arrested because during one of his organized

protests), they were surprised to find that 1000 youths were protesting.

Though 900 were arrested, the next day 2500 children were protesting. Water

hoses were used by authorities to fight the blacks. Attack dogs were also

used to control the mob. But when the public was shown of the violent

methods, it increased the sympathy onto King's cause. Despite this, 3000

youngsters demonstrated the next day. There was no more space in the jails

and finally the business leaders of the community realized that the would

need to start negotiating, or they would suffer financially.

The height of King's career was in 1964, when the Civil Rights Act was

enacted. It was sent through Congress by President Kennedy in 1963, but he

did not live to see it go through. He was assassinated on November 22,

1963. His successor, President Johnson, passed it through Congress. It

allowed the federal government to enforce any racial discrimination in

public areas like restaurants and hotels. It allowed the government to hold

federal funds from places where racism existed. It also prohibited

discrimination in the voter-registration procedures. Whites previously

discriminated Blacks from voting if they were illiterate, but the Act

forbade this. M.L.'s success was acknowledged when he was awarded the Nobel

Prize in the same year.

A tragic day struck on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tenn.. He was

planning to participate in a Poor People's March to Washington. While

standing on the balcony of the motel where he was staying with his

partners, he was killed by a bullet which was shot by James Earl Ray. On

March 10, 1969, he pleaded guilty and was sentenced 99 years in prison.

Martin Luther King was able to achieve the impossible. He was an

ambitious man who wanted to make a difference in the lives of every

American Black. Step by step, he organized demonstrations and made speeches

to further strengthen his cause. His philosophy of non-violence played a

key role in the success of the right to be free. Carved on his crypt is a

phrase he said many times:

Free at last, free at last

Thank God Almighty

I'm free at last.

Thursday, 8 September 2011

Martin Luther

MARTIN LUTHER


Martin Luther was a German theologian and religious reformer, who started
the Protestant Reformation, and whose vast influence during his time period
made him one of the crucial figures in modern European history. Luther was
born in Eisleben on November 10, 1483 and was descended from the peasantry,
a fact that he often stressed. Hans Luther, his father, was a copper miner.
Luther received a sound primary and secondary education at Mansfeld,
Magdeburg, and Eisenach. In 1501, at the age of 17, he enrolled at the
University of Erfurt, receiving a bachelor's degree in 1502 and a master's
degree in 1505 . He then intended to study
law, as his father had wished. In the summer of 1505, he abandoned his
studies and his law plans, sold his books, and entered the Augustinian
monastery in Erfurt. The decision surprised his friends and appalled his
father. Later in his life, Luther explained his suprising decision by
recollecting several brushes with death that had occurred at the time,
making him aware of the fleeting character of life. In the monastery he
observed the rules imposed on a novice but did not find the peace in God
he had expected. Nevertheless, Luther made his profession as a monk in
the fall of 1506, and his superiors selected him for the priesthood.
Ordained in 1507, he approached his first celebration of the mass with awe.
After his ordination, Luther was asked to study theology in order to
become a professor at one of the many new German universities staffed by
monks. In 1508 he was assigned by Johann von Staupitz, vicar-general of
the Augustinians and a friend and counselor, to the new University of
Wittenberg (founded in 1502) to give introductory lectures in moral
philosophy. He received his bachelor's degree in theology in 1509 and
returned to Erfurt, where he taught and studied.
In November 1510, on behalf of seven Augustinian monasteries, he made a
visit to Rome, where he performed the religious duties customary for a
pious visitor and was shocked by the worldliness of the Roman clergy.
Soon after resuming his duties in Erfurt, he was reassigned to Wittenberg
and asked to study for the degree of doctor of theology. In 1512, after
receiving his doctorate, he took over the chair of biblical theology which
he held till his death.
Although still uncertain of God's love and his own salvation, Luther was
active as a preacher, teacher, and administrator. Sometime
during his study of the New Testament in preparation for his lectures, he
came to believe that Christians are saved not through their own efforts but
by the gift of God's grace, which they accept in faith. Both the exact date
and the location of this experience have been a matter of controversy among
scholars, but the event was crucial in Luther's life, because it turned him
decisively against some of the major tenets of the Catholic church.
Luther became a public and controversial figure when he published his
Ninety-Five Theses on October 31, 1517.
His main purpose of writing the theses was to show his opposition for
the corruption and wealth of the papacy and to state his belief that salvation
would be granted on the basis of faith alone rather then by works. Although
it is generally believed that Luther nailed these theses to the door of All
Saints Church in Wittenberg, some scholars have questioned this story, which
does not occur in any of his own writings. Regardless of the manner in
which his propositions were made public, they caused great excitement and
were immediately translated into German and widely distributed .
Luther's spirited defense and further development of his position through
public university debates in Wittenberg and other cities resulted in an
investigation by the Roman Curia that led to the condemnation of
his teachings and his excommunication. Summoned to appear before Charles V
at the Diet of Worms in April 1521, he was asked
before the assembled secular and ecclesiastical rulers to recant. He
refused firmly, asserting that he would have to be convinced by Scripture
and clear reason in order to do so and that going against conscience is
not safe for anyone. Condemned by the emperor, Luther was spirited away by
his prince, the elector Frederick the Wise of Saxony, and kept in hiding
at Wartburg Castle. There he began his translation of the New Testament
from the original Greek into German, a seminal contribution to the
development of a standard German language. Disorders in Wittenberg caused
by some of his more extreme followers forced his return to the city in March
1521, and he restored peace through a series of sermons.
Luther continued his teaching and writing in Wittenberg but soon became
involved in the controversies surrounding the Peasants' War (1524-26)
because the leaders of the peasants originally justified their demands with
arguments somewhat illegitimately drawn from his writings.
He considered their theological arguments false, although he supported many
of their political demands. When the peasants turned violent, he angrily
denounced them and supported the princes' effort to restore order. Although
he later repudiated the harsh, vengeful policy adopted by the nobles, his
attitude toward the war lost him many friends. In the midst of this
controversy he married Katharina von Bora, a former nun. The marriage was happy, and his wife became an important supporter in his busy life. After having articulated his basic theology in his earlier writings, he published his most popular book, the Small Catechism, in 1529. By commenting briefly in question and answer form on the Ten Commandments, the Apostles' Creed, the Lord's Prayer, baptism, and the Lord's Supper, the Small Catechism explains the theology of the evangelical reformation in simple yet colorful language. Not allowed to attend the Diet of Augsburg because he had been banned and excommunicated, Luther had to leave the presentation of the reformers' position to his friend and colleague Melanchthon. In 1532 Luther's translation of the Old Testament from the original Hebrew was published. Meanwhile, his influence spread across northern and eastern Europe. His advocacy of the independence of rulers from papal supervision won him the support of many princes. His fame made Wittenberg an intellectual center.
By 1537, Luther's health had begun to deteriorate, and he felt burdened by
the resurgence of the papacy and by what he perceived as an attempt by Jews
to take advantage of the confusion among Christians and reopen the question
of Jesus' messiahship. Apprehensive about
his own responsibility for this situation, he wrote a violent polemic
against the Jews, as well as polemics against the papacy and the radical
wing of the reformers, the Anabaptists. In the winter of 1546, Luther was
asked to settle a controversy between two young counts who ruled the area
of Mansfeld, where he had been born. Old and sick, he went there, resolved
the conflict, and died on February 18, 1546, in Eisleben.
Luther left behind a movement that quickly spread throughout the Western
world. His doctrines, especially justification by faith and the final
authority of the Bible, were adopted by other reformers and are shared
by many Protestant denominations today. As the founder of the 16th-century
Reformation, he is one of the major figures of Christianity and of
Western civilization.

Martin Luther 4

MARTIN LUTHER


Martin Luther was a German theologian and religious reformer, who started
the Protestant Reformation, and whose vast influence during his time period
made him one of the crucial figures in modern European history. Luther was
born in Eisleben on November 10, 1483 and was descended from the peasantry,
a fact that he often stressed. Hans Luther, his father, was a copper miner.
Luther received a sound primary and secondary education at Mansfeld,
Magdeburg, and Eisenach. In 1501, at the age of 17, he enrolled at the
University of Erfurt, receiving a bachelor's degree in 1502 and a master's
degree in 1505 . He then intended to study
law, as his father had wished. In the summer of 1505, he abandoned his
studies and his law plans, sold his books, and entered the Augustinian
monastery in Erfurt. The decision surprised his friends and appalled his
father. Later in his life, Luther explained his suprising decision by
recollecting several brushes with death that had occurred at the time,
making him aware of the fleeting character of life. In the monastery he
observed the rules imposed on a novice but did not find the peace in God
he had expected. Nevertheless, Luther made his profession as a monk in
the fall of 1506, and his superiors selected him for the priesthood.
Ordained in 1507, he approached his first celebration of the mass with awe.
After his ordination, Luther was asked to study theology in order to
become a professor at one of the many new German universities staffed by
monks. In 1508 he was assigned by Johann von Staupitz, vicar-general of
the Augustinians and a friend and counselor, to the new University of
Wittenberg (founded in 1502) to give introductory lectures in moral
philosophy. He received his bachelor's degree in theology in 1509 and
returned to Erfurt, where he taught and studied.
In November 1510, on behalf of seven Augustinian monasteries, he made a
visit to Rome, where he performed the religious duties customary for a
pious visitor and was shocked by the worldliness of the Roman clergy.
Soon after resuming his duties in Erfurt, he was reassigned to Wittenberg
and asked to study for the degree of doctor of theology. In 1512, after
receiving his doctorate, he took over the chair of biblical theology which
he held till his death.
Although still uncertain of God's love and his own salvation, Luther was
active as a preacher, teacher, and administrator. Sometime
during his study of the New Testament in preparation for his lectures, he
came to believe that Christians are saved not through their own efforts but
by the gift of God's grace, which they accept in faith. Both the exact date
and the location of this experience have been a matter of controversy among
scholars, but the event was crucial in Luther's life, because it turned him
decisively against some of the major tenets of the Catholic church.
Luther became a public and controversial figure when he published his
Ninety-Five Theses on October 31, 1517.
His main purpose of writing the theses was to show his opposition for
the corruption and wealth of the papacy and to state his belief that salvation
would be granted on the basis of faith alone rather then by works. Although
it is generally believed that Luther nailed these theses to the door of All
Saints Church in Wittenberg, some scholars have questioned this story, which
does not occur in any of his own writings. Regardless of the manner in
which his propositions were made public, they caused great excitement and
were immediately translated into German and widely distributed .
Luther's spirited defense and further development of his position through
public university debates in Wittenberg and other cities resulted in an
investigation by the Roman Curia that led to the condemnation of
his teachings and his excommunication. Summoned to appear before Charles V
at the Diet of Worms in April 1521, he was asked
before the assembled secular and ecclesiastical rulers to recant. He
refused firmly, asserting that he would have to be convinced by Scripture
and clear reason in order to do so and that going against conscience is
not safe for anyone. Condemned by the emperor, Luther was spirited away by
his prince, the elector Frederick the Wise of Saxony, and kept in hiding
at Wartburg Castle. There he began his translation of the New Testament
from the original Greek into German, a seminal contribution to the
development of a standard German language. Disorders in Wittenberg caused
by some of his more extreme followers forced his return to the city in March
1521, and he restored peace through a series of sermons.
Luther continued his teaching and writing in Wittenberg but soon became
involved in the controversies surrounding the Peasants' War (1524-26)
because the leaders of the peasants originally justified their demands with
arguments somewhat illegitimately drawn from his writings.
He considered their theological arguments false, although he supported many
of their political demands. When the peasants turned violent, he angrily
denounced them and supported the princes' effort to restore order. Although
he later repudiated the harsh, vengeful policy adopted by the nobles, his
attitude toward the war lost him many friends. In the midst of this
controversy he married Katharina von Bora, a former nun. The marriage was happy, and his wife became an important supporter in his busy life. After having articulated his basic theology in his earlier writings, he published his most popular book, the Small Catechism, in 1529. By commenting briefly in question and answer form on the Ten Commandments, the Apostles' Creed, the Lord's Prayer, baptism, and the Lord's Supper, the Small Catechism explains the theology of the evangelical reformation in simple yet colorful language. Not allowed to attend the Diet of Augsburg because he had been banned and excommunicated, Luther had to leave the presentation of the reformers' position to his friend and colleague Melanchthon. In 1532 Luther's translation of the Old Testament from the original Hebrew was published. Meanwhile, his influence spread across northern and eastern Europe. His advocacy of the independence of rulers from papal supervision won him the support of many princes. His fame made Wittenberg an intellectual center.
By 1537, Luther's health had begun to deteriorate, and he felt burdened by
the resurgence of the papacy and by what he perceived as an attempt by Jews
to take advantage of the confusion among Christians and reopen the question
of Jesus' messiahship. Apprehensive about
his own responsibility for this situation, he wrote a violent polemic
against the Jews, as well as polemics against the papacy and the radical
wing of the reformers, the Anabaptists. In the winter of 1546, Luther was
asked to settle a controversy between two young counts who ruled the area
of Mansfeld, where he had been born. Old and sick, he went there, resolved
the conflict, and died on February 18, 1546, in Eisleben.
Luther left behind a movement that quickly spread throughout the Western
world. His doctrines, especially justification by faith and the final
authority of the Bible, were adopted by other reformers and are shared
by many Protestant denominations today. As the founder of the 16th-century
Reformation, he is one of the major figures of Christianity and of
Western civilization.

Friday, 5 August 2011

Woman of the Year 1953 Queen Elizabeth II

Woman of the Year: 1953-Queen Elizabeth II

From the day she was born, the life of Queen Elizabeth II shows that she deserved to receive the title "Woman of the Year." She had practical intelligence since she was a kid and she respected peoples opinions.
Queen Elizabeth II was born on April 21, 1926 at the London home of her mother's parents, Lord and Lady Strathmore. She was baptized at Buckingham Palace and named Elizabeth Alexandra Mary five weeks later.
Elizabeth's father was Albert, the Duke of York. He was the second son of King George V. When his dad died in 1936, his brother was supposed to become king but he resigned. So he became king. Her mother was Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon. She was a member of the Scottish aristocracy. Her sister Margaret Rose was born on August 21, 1930, when she was 4 years old in Glamis Castle. Her grandparents were George V and Queen Mary, and Lord and Lady Strathmore.
Elizabeth and her sister were homed schooled. She was taught by Miss Marion Crawford, a young Scottish woman. At the age of 5, she usually woke up at 6 a.m. and went out for riding lessons. After that, they had lunch, lessons in French, voice and piano. In the afternoon she would play in the garden, usually with her sister and Miss Crawford. She became heiress to the throne at the age of ten. She had to learn court etiquette and diplomatic practice from her grandmother, Queen Mary. She studied the geography and history of the Commonwealth countries and the U.S. Elizabeth went to Eton College for private lessons in law. She was training for future duties. Being a princess was not easy. She had to prepare for a hard life, never make mistakes, never look bored and never be sick if possible.
Elizabeth grew up at the families London home, a large Victorian House on 145 Picadilly and at the Royal Lodge in Windsor Great Park. When her dad became King they moved to Buckingham Palace. It was more like a museum than a house. Elizabeth spent their holidays with their grandparents on both sides. When she spent it with the Strathmore it would sometimes be at the Glamis Castle. It was a rugged, rambling old Scottish fortress. "It looked like something out of a child's adventure stories-paradise of echoing rooms, long passage and mysterious stairways." (Trease 1953, 231) Elizabeth enjoyed exploring the castle when she was young. She was 13 when World War II occurred. A year later bombs started falling on London. Elizabeth and her sister had to go to safety at the fortress of Windsor Castle. She returned to London on October 13, 1940. She then joined the woman's branch army and took training as an automobile driver and mechanic.
Prince Philip was an officer in the Royal Navy during World War II. He met Elizabeth in the war. Later he dropped the title of prince to become a British citizen. He took his mother's family name, Mountbatten. On November 20, 1946, Philip and Elizabeth were married at Westminister Abbey. There first kid was born on November 14.1948. His name was Prince Charles Philip Arthur George and was later known as Prince of Wales. They also had Princess Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise on August 15, 1950, Prince Andrew Albert Christian Edward on February 19, 1960, and Prince Edward Antony Richard Louis on March 10, 1964.
Elizabeth and Philip were on a tour in Kenya when her dad died on February 6, 1952, and she automatically became Queen Elizabeth II. She was not just Queen of England but Queen of Canada, Australia, New Zealand and more. They considered her a Queen but she did not have power over them (Trease 1953, 234). Queen Elizabeth the II had no political power. Some of her duties as a queen was constitutional work (opening the Parliament), entertainment of foreign dignitaries, giving tours of Britain and the commonwealth. But most of all, she had to be someone the people could look up to without anyone gossiping or criticizing her (McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Biography 1973, 569).
In 1953, this shy, dedicated and determined 26-year old queen was selected Woman of the Year. She was chosen because she was a symbol of faith. She was also a reminder of a great pass and was a sign of a good future. Queen Elizabeth II represented in her person all that they hold best in the British way of life (Time Almanac 1994, 7). Another reason was she had a close relationship between her people. She was willing to listen to them and willing to let them participate in decisions like the one against stiff conservative prejudice. Her goal was "to find the proper balance between simplicity and richness-where she would lend majesty to her people-but not outrage those who demand a more democratic example." (Time Almanac 1994, 5). The opinion of a London editorialist said "It may well be that we here in Britain, by accident rather than design, have stumbled back to the original, the true and abiding function of monarchy, which lay in the magical power of kings...to represent, express and effect the aspiration of the collective subconscious." (Time Almanac 1994, 4).
The Queen Elizabeth Island named in honor of Queen Elizabeth II. It is located in Canada, north of Lancaster Sound and Melville Sound. The total amount of land added up is about 160,000 square miles.
People may think that princes or princesses are spoiled when little, but they aren't. They had to prepare for a hard life ahead of them, when they become king or queen. They had to find a way to communicate to the people and make them listen. Queen Elizabeth II found a way-by being willing to listen to them and allowing them to take part in decisions. She won the hearts of her people and the title "Woman of the Year."

A Queen Adored

ÐÏࡱá����������������>��þÿ ���������������8����������:������þÿÿÿ����7���ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿì¥Á�M ��ð¿�������������ð*���bjbjâ=â=������������������ �"<��€W��€W��â&������ �����������������������ÿÿ���������ÿÿ���������ÿÿ�����������������l�����†������†��†������†������†������†������†���������������������������������8���R�� ���^��4�����������ö���ž������ž������ž������ž������ž������ž������ž������ž�������������������������������������������$���"�� ��³��†���B���������������������†������ž����������������������ž������ž������ž������ž������B������T������†������†������ž��������������ž������W�����T������T������T������ž��š���†������ž������†������ž��������������������T������������������������������������������������������ž������������T��È���T��������������������†������†��������������������������������������������������������������������ž������'�� ���`úœûÛÄ������������8�������������������������m��0���������������9������T������9������������T������š��J���ä��6���†������†������†������†�������Ù���A Queen Adored: England's Elizabeth II Countess of Longford, Elizabeth Pakenham, was born in London England in 1906. She attended Lady Margaret Hall and Oxford University where she studied classical history and philosophy. She later married Oxford professor and politician, the seventh Earl of Longford in 1931, with whom she had eight children. She worked as a tutor from 1930-36 in the Worker's Educational Association, and was a member of the Paddington and St. Pomcras Rent Tribunal from 1946-51. She was also a Labour party candidate for Cheltenham, and later for the City of Oxford. After both campaigns proved unsuccessful, Longford began her career as a writer in 1954, where she concentrated on the topic of parenting. She later turned her focus to British history, and became recognized for her talent as a biographer. She was awarded the James Tait Memorial Prize for best biography in 1964 for Victoria R.I. Longford claimed the Yorkshire Post Book of the Year Award twice with Wellington,1969, and The Royal House of Windsor, Winston Churchill in 1974. It is with this same thoroughness and true human interest that she captures the life of England's reigning monarch in The Queen; The Life of Elizabeth II. Though surveys have revealed that at any one time between 15 and 30% of the English people claim they would prefer a republic, the majority uphold the traditional support of the monarchy, as has been the English custom for over a thousand years. Since 1952 the endeared Queen Elizabeth II has played this role in her country's politics as an important aspect of the modern nation's identity. As she has proved neither conservative nor liberal in her stance, she has so come to symbolize a popular democracy. It was raining on the sunless April day in 1926 when Elizabeth Bowes- Lyon announced to her husband of three years that it was time. The Duke and Duchess of York were anticipating the birth of their first child. As the doctors were soon to discover, this was not to be a routine delivery. The child was breech and as night fell the decision to perform a cesarean section was made and thus commenced. The operation a success, at 2:40 AM, Wednesday, April 21, a princess was born. As is characteristic of cesarean birth, the first granddaughter of King GeorgeV and Queen Mary was particularly immaculate with a shapely head, fair hair, and pink skin. Her bright blue eyes were framed by long dark lashes. She was christened Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, after her mother, great-grandmother, and grandmother the Queen. Her delighted father wrote to his royal parents to announce the new arrival and express his hope that they would be as satisfied with the birth of a girl as were he and his wife. As she was born third in line of an unlikely succession, a granddaughter was a refreshing delight. As one more of sentiment, the ideal of a little Princess had an immediate public appeal as well. In the same year of Elizabeth's birth, there were other significant changes within the Commonwealth. The white "colonies" had grown into self- governing "dominions". The Commonwealth would now be comprised of nation-states which were to co-exist in absolute equality with one another and the "mother country". The king was to be the binding force for this partnership of nations as he was to symbolize their common values of patriotism, history, and culture. The Imperial Conference of 1926 would reaffirm these common beliefs of liberty, equality, and unity in the Balfour Report. The English people were very taken with little Elizabeth. Longford writes, "part of [her] immense appeal was due to her vivacity and comic fervor in doing what was expected of her". Though Elizabeth's childhood was quite sheltered, she found access to the rest of the world through the many nursery toys her parents endowed her with. Miniature delivery vans of bread and garden supplies represented the everyday jobs of the people. A Christmas present of a dustpan and brush also symbolized work in the real world, and possibly served as a tool in the development of a remarkable tidiness that followed her through adulthood. Her many ponies also served as a learning experience through the necessity of their care in grooming, feeding, and watering. She was a very bright child as well. Her mother began teaching her to read at the age of five, the same age she had began to learn. Much like her mother, Elizabeth caught on very quickly. This may be greatly attributed to the amount of attention the Duchess was able to give the Princess. She had put all of her social engagements on hold due to her current disposition of pregnancy. In 1930, on a day not unlike that of Elizabeth II's birth, the Duchess gave birth to yet another daughter. Named Margaret Rose, she was to be Elizabeth's only sibling. The new sister would also bring many new experiences into the life of the future Queen. Longford writes,"[had] the princess remained an only child, her tranquil and responsive temperament might have lacked the stimulus of confrontations, however affectionate, in childhood". Margaret Rose was to be yet another tool in the molding of England's present monarch. As the young Princess Elizabeth was meticulous, even to the point of obsessiveness, she maintained a similar character in the classroom. She was found to be conscientious, reasonable, and attentive to detail. She was self- disciplined and well trained in what was considered proper behavior for a princess. To offset the risk of portraying her as too perfect a child, she was also noted to have been somewhat wanting in the area of arithmetic (an area her grandfather thought unnecessary for her to master) and a poor knitter as well. One of her favorite pastimes was the devotion of her time to her horses (the two sisters had eventually acquired over 30). In late January of 1936,(later recognized as the year of three kings),the death of her grandfather King George V brought little Elizabeth's first stage of youth to a close. Under the opinion of the nursery and school- room the King's favorite grandchild was advised not to attend the ceremonies. However, intent on doing the proper thing, she did not heed this advice and went along-side her parents. Her father's older brother, Edward VIII, would thus assume the throne. His reign would be short lived ,however, as he would meet an American woman who had already divorced twice, and ask her hand in marriage. As this was not acceptable behavior for a king Edward was given the choice to break off the engagement or abdication from the throne. He choose abdication, leaving her father, King George VI the acquisition of the crown, and Princess Elizabeth of York heir presumptive. At the age of 13 the Princess met her third cousin, Prince Philip Mountbatten of Greece who was then18. Quite taken with him upon their first meeting, Elizabeth watched as he showed off in a college tennis match. About four years later Prince Phillip, also having been love stricken, would return to watch Elizabeth in her performance of Aladdin. The next four years were to lead Elizabeth into womanhood. Firstly, this development began with her Confirmation, performed on March 1,1942 by the same Archbishop of Canterbury who had christened her. In1942 she registered in the Labour Exchange, and in1945 she was finally called to serve as Second Subaltern Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor of the Auxiliary Transport Service where she was to learn to be a mechanic of sorts. In 1945 the war was brought to a close, and with the return of Prince Philip, the two were engaged by the following year. They were married on November 20,1947. Three months later she was to become pregnant. Six days before their first wedding anniversary, the Princess was to give birth to Prince Charles Philip Arthur George at Buckingham Palace. The whole countryside joined in celebration. The Princess felt she had finally achieved some form of the cherished ordinary life as a wife and mother. 1950 brought even more of the same with the birth of six pound Princess Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise. This fairy-tale existence of an "ordinary" life was not to last for long. King George's health was failing because of cancer, though he was never given the diagnoses. Elizabeth's doting father died peacefully in his sleep during the early hours of February 6, 1952. She was to be crowned Queen Elizabeth II, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith, just after the death of Queen Mary in March of 1953. As Head of the Commonwealth the Queen serves as an important aspect of the modern nation's identity. Unlike the President of the United States, she does not run for office, and does not dominate her country's politics and policies. Throughout her reign she has come to symbolize a popular democracy in which she neither takes an extreme stance to the right or left, but holds firm on the middle ground. The two principal rights that the parliamentary body has bestowed on her are the right to appoint a prime minister, and the right to dissolve parliament before the end of its term. She also holds three other general rights, the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn. She has consistently demonstrated her grace, temperament, and competence under the possession of her crown. She has been as doting a mother to her country as to her four children. An untainted illustration of a lady, she is an example and inspiration to both royalty and the common man alike. Elizabeth Longford's portrayal of the life of Queen Elizabeth II goes unrefuted. She has brought forth a vivid and candid portraiture of her subject. She obviously displays great admiration for the reigning Queen, but has also tried to capture her human side, in weaknesses and strengths alike to give a true account of the life of England's little Princess, Queen Elizabeth II. �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������á*��ð*��ý�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������^J����'��(��)��r��Á�� ��U��Ÿ��í��<��ˆ��Õ��&��u��Ã����b��±��Ò�� ��j ��¹ ��

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A Queen Adored Englands Elizabeth II

A QUEEN ADORED: ENGLAND'S ELIZABETH II

Countess of Longford, Elizabeth Pakenham, was born in London England in 1906. She attended Lady Margaret Hall and Oxford University where she studied classical history and philosophy. She later married Oxford professor and politician, the seventh Earl of Longford in 1931, with whom she had eight children. She worked as a tutor from 1930-36 in the Worker's Educational Association, and was a member of the Paddington and St. Pomcras Rent Tribunal from 1946-51. She was also a Labour party candidate for Cheltenham, and later for the City of Oxford. After both campaigns proved unsuccessful, Longford began her career as a writer in 1954, where she concentrated on the topic of parenting. She later turned her focus to British history, and became recognized for her talent as a biographer. She was awarded the James Tait Memorial Prize for best biography in 1964 for Victoria R.I. Longford claimed the Yorkshire Post Book of the Year Award twice with Wellington,1969, and The Royal House of Windsor, Winston Churchill in 1974. It is with this same thoroughness and true human interest that she captures the life of England's reigning monarch in The Queen; The Life of Elizabeth II.
Though surveys have revealed that at any one time between 15 and 30% of the English people claim they would prefer a republic, the majority uphold the traditional support of the monarchy, as has been the English custom for over a thousand years. Since 1952 the endeared Queen Elizabeth II has played this role in her country's politics as an important aspect of the modern nation's identity. As she has proved neither conservative nor liberal in her stance, she has so come to symbolize a popular democracy.
It was raining on the sunless April day in 1926 when Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon announced to her husband of three years that it was time. The Duke and Duchess of York were anticipating the birth of their first child. As the doctors were soon to discover, this was not to be a routine delivery. The child was breech and as night fell the decision to perform a cesarean section was made and thus commenced. The operation a success, at 2:40 AM, Wednesday, April 21, a princess was born. As is characteristic of cesarean birth, the first granddaughter of King GeorgeV and Queen Mary was particularly immaculate with a shapely head, fair hair, and pink skin. Her bright blue eyes were framed by long dark lashes. She was christened Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, after her mother, great-grandmother, and grandmother the Queen. Her delighted father wrote to his royal parents to announce the new arrival and express his hope that they would be as satisfied with the birth of a girl as were he and his wife. As she was born third in line of an unlikely succession, a granddaughter was a refreshing delight. As one more of sentiment, the ideal of a little Princess had an immediate public appeal as well.
In the same year of Elizabeth's birth, there were other significant changes within the Commonwealth. The white "colonies" had grown into self-governing "dominions". The Commonwealth would now be comprised of nation-states which were to co-exist in absolute equality with one another and the "mother country". The king was to be the binding force for this partnership of nations as he was to symbolize their common values of patriotism, history, and culture. The Imperial Conference of 1926 would reaffirm these common beliefs of liberty, equality, and unity in the Balfour Report.
The English people were very taken with little Elizabeth. Longford writes, "part of [her] immense appeal was due to her vivacity and comic fervor in doing what was expected of her". Though Elizabeth's childhood was quite sheltered, she found access to the rest of the world through the many nursery toys her parents endowed her with. Miniature delivery vans of bread and garden supplies represented the everyday jobs of the people. A Christmas present of a dustpan and brush also symbolized work in the real world, and possibly served as a tool in the development of a remarkable tidiness that followed her through adulthood. Her many ponies also served as a learning experience through the necessity of their care in grooming, feeding, and watering.
She was a very bright child as well. Her mother began teaching her to read at the age of five, the same age she had began to learn. Much like her mother, Elizabeth caught on very quickly. This may be greatly attributed to the amount of attention the Duchess was able to give the Princess. She had put all of her social engagements on hold due to her current disposition of pregnancy. In 1930, on a day not unlike that of Elizabeth II's birth, the Duchess gave birth to yet another daughter. Named Margaret Rose, she was to be Elizabeth's only sibling. The new sister would also bring many new experiences into the life of the future Queen. Longford writes,"[had] the princess remained an only child, her tranquil and responsive temperament might have lacked the stimulus of confrontations, however affectionate, in childhood". Margaret Rose was to be yet another tool in the molding of England's present monarch.
As the young Princess Elizabeth was meticulous, even to the point of obsessiveness, she maintained a similar character in the classroom. She was found to be conscientious, reasonable, and attentive to detail. She was self-disciplined and well trained in what was considered proper behavior for a princess. To offset the risk of portraying her as too perfect a child, she was also noted to have been somewhat wanting in the area of arithmetic (an area her grandfather thought unnecessary for her to master) and a poor knitter as well. One of her favorite pastimes was the devotion of her time to her horses (the two sisters had eventually acquired over 30).
In late January of 1936,(later recognized as the year of three kings),the death of her grandfather King George V brought little Elizabeth's first stage of youth to a close. Under the opinion of the nursery and school-room the King's favorite grandchild was advised not to attend the ceremonies. However, intent on doing the proper thing, she did not heed this advice and went along-side her parents. Her father's older brother, Edward VIII, would thus assume the throne. His reign would be short lived ,however, as he would meet an American woman who had already divorced twice, and ask her hand in marriage. As this was not acceptable behavior for a king Edward was given the choice to break off the engagement or abdication from the throne. He choose abdication, leaving her father, King George VI the acquisition of the crown, and Princess Elizabeth of York heir presumptive.
At the age of 13 the Princess met her third cousin, Prince Philip Mountbatten of Greece who was then18. Quite taken with him upon their first meeting, Elizabeth watched as he showed off in a college tennis match. About four years later Prince Phillip, also having been love stricken, would return to watch Elizabeth in her performance of Aladdin.
The next four years were to lead Elizabeth into womanhood. Firstly, this development began with her Confirmation, performed on March 1,1942 by the same Archbishop of Canterbury who had christened her. In1942 she registered in the Labour Exchange, and in1945 she was finally called to serve as Second Subaltern Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor of the Auxiliary Transport Service where she was to learn to be a mechanic of sorts. In 1945 the war was brought to a close, and with the return of Prince Philip, the two were engaged by the following year. They were married on November 20,1947. Three months later she was to become pregnant. Six days before their first wedding anniversary, the Princess was to give birth to Prince Charles Philip Arthur George at Buckingham Palace. The whole countryside joined in celebration. The Princess felt she had finally achieved some form of the cherished ordinary life as a wife and mother. 1950 brought even more of the same with the birth of six pound Princess Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise. This fairy-tale existence of an "ordinary" life was not to last for long. King George's health was failing because of cancer, though he was never given the diagnoses. Elizabeth's doting father died peacefully in his sleep during the early hours of February 6, 1952.
She was to be crowned Queen Elizabeth II, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith, just after the death of Queen Mary in March of 1953. As Head of the Commonwealth the Queen serves as an important aspect of the modern nation's identity. Unlike the President of the United States, she does not run for office, and does not dominate her country's politics and policies. Throughout her reign she has come to symbolize a popular democracy in which she neither takes an extreme stance to the right or left, but holds firm on the middle ground. The two principal rights that the parliamentary body has bestowed on her are the right to appoint a prime minister, and the right to dissolve parliament before the end of its term. She also holds three other general rights, the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn. She has consistently demonstrated her grace, temperament, and competence under the possession of her crown.
She has been as doting a mother to her country as to her four children. An untainted illustration of a lady, she is an example and inspiration to both royalty and the common man alike.
Elizabeth Longford's portrayal of the life of Queen Elizabeth II goes unrefuted. She has brought forth a vivid and candid portraiture of her subject. She obviously displays great admiration for the reigning Queen, but has also tried to capture her human side, in weaknesses and strengths alike to give a true account of the life of England's little Princess, Queen Elizabeth II.