William Faulkner's Yoknapatawpha County, with Jefferson as its county seat, is both a mythical and actual place. Yoknapatawpha county is 2400 square miles in area and has a population of 15,611 persons. Jefferson has an actual jail, town square, old houses, and Old Frenchman's Place, even a railroad. Faulkner's "Yoknapatawpha County" is in reality Lafayette County, and "Jefferson" is actually Oxford. The Faulkner family lived there since before the Civil War. This is where most of his stories take place. He pondered the family history and his own personal history; and he used both in writing his stories. (American Writers; 54)
Faulkner born in New Albany, Mississippi in 1897. In 1902 they moved to Oxford ("Jefferson"), the seat of the University of Mississippi. His father, Murray C. Falkner, (the u was added to the family name by the printer who set up William's first book, The Marble Faun) ran a livery stable and a hardware store. Later he became business manager of the University. Maud Butler was his mother and Murray, John, and Dean were his three brothers. (American Writers; 55a)
Faulkner's great-grandfather was William C. Falkner. He was born in 1825. He was a legendary figure in Northern Mississippi. Many details of his life have shown up in Faulkner's writings. He was twice acquitted of murder charges. He was a believer in severe discipline and was a colonel of a group of raiders of the Civil War. He began as a poor youngster trying to take care of his widowed mother, but ending his career as the owner of a railroad and a member of the state legislature. He was killed by his former railroad partner shortly after he had defeated the other for a seat in the legislature. There is a statue of William C. Falkner facing his railroad today. (American Writers; 55b)
J. W. T. Faulkner was a lawyer, a banker, and assistant United States attorney. He was an active member of "rise of the "rednecks"", the political movement that gave greater suffrage to tenant farmers. The people of Oxford say he had and explosive temper. (American Writers; 55c)
The characters Colonel Sartoris and Bayard Sartoris portray Faulkner's great-grandfather and grandfather. These characters show up in many of his stories such as Sartoris and The Unvanquished. They are a part of the Old South legend and they play an important role in the saga of Yoknapatawpha. (American Writers; 55d)
William was a poor student. He left highshool in the tenth grade to work in his grandfather's bank. He liked to read, and wrote some poetry of his own. He also tried painting. The towns people said he was a moody boy, and seemed as a puzzle to them. He began a friendship with Phil Stone in 1914. Phil was a young lawyer. This gave him a chance for literary discussions and helped acquaint him with such rising reputations as Conrad Aiken, Robert Frost, Erza Pound, and Sherwood Anderson. (American Writers; 55e)
William was underweight and only five feet tall. Because of this, he was turned down by the United States Army. He did, however, join the Royal Flying Corps in Toronto, Canada, and a cadet. On December 22, 1918, the date of demobilization, he became an honorary second lieutenant. He was often preoccupied with both the events and the implications of World War I, like most other writers of his age. Many of his earlier books deal with this. (American Writers; 55f)
As a veteran, he was allowed to enroll at the University of Mississippi. There he studied English, Spanish, and French, but he was only in residence for one full academic year. He took a job in a bookstore in New York City, but he soon returned to Oxford. He did odd jobs such as a carpenter of house painter for two years, then became postmaster at the university. He soon resigned, saying in his letter of resignation, " I will be damned if I propose to be at the beck and call of every itinerant scoundrel who has two cents to invest in a postage stamp." This same year, 1924, The Marble Faun was publicized, a book of poems. Stone had subsidized its publication. (American Writers; 55g)
Faulkner decided to go to Europe by means of New Orleans. Once he reached Now Orleans, he ended up staying for six months. He wrote a few sketches for Times-Picayune entitles "Mirrors of Charles Street," contributed to the Double Dealer, and important "little magazine," and became friends with Sherwood Anderson. At that time, Anderson was one of the most admired of American writers. Faulkner also wrote his first novel, Soldier's Pay, which Anderson helped him get published. He and Anderson remained friends despite differences in temperament and despite Faulkner's having written a parody of Anderson's style in Sherwood Anderson and other Famous Creoles, a volume of drawings by William Spratling, one of his Mew Orleans friends. In his book there is a drawing by Spratling of Faulkner and himself sitting at a table painting, writing, and drinking. On the wall there is a sigh reading "Viva Art". Beneath Faulkner's chair are three gallons of corm liquor. In June 1925, Faulkner and Spratling shipped on a freighter for Italy and a walking trip through France and Germany. (American Writers; 56a)
Faulkner went back to New York in March 1926, for the publication of Soldier's Pay. Thematically the novel comes to very little, but the young man had obvious talent. Soldier's Pay received favorable reviews, and its publisher signed a contract for a second novel. Faulkner went off to Pascagonla, Mississippi, to write it. (American Writers; 56b)
Mosquitoes, published in 1927, used New Orleans as a setting. Mosquitoes says that "actions are more important than words and doers are more important than talkers." It is a satirical novel. One of the characters, Dawson Fairchild, is based on Anderson. One part of his book contains a series of "tall tales" which Faulkner later said he and Anderson had worked up together. Mosquitoes was less well received than Soldier's Pay. (American Writers; 56c)
While writing Sartoris, Faulkner had also been working on The Sound and the Fury. They were published within a few months of each other. Sartoris marks the end of an apprenticeship. The Sound and the Fury is the work of a major writer. (American Writers; 57a)
In June of 1927, Faulkner married Estelle Oldham and settled down to a career as a writer. Within a ten year span he wrote and published most of what has come to be regarded as his major work. He made trips to Hollywood to work on movie scripts, he made trips to New York, but he mainly resided in Oxford. Sanctuary brought him notoriety. Critical acclaim, however, came more slowly. Oddly, the French recognized Faulkner's power more quickly and more widely than Americans did. In 1946, Malcolm Cowley published his influential Portable Faulkner. At this time all of Faulkner's books were out of print and there had been very little serious criticism devoted to Faulkner. Valuable studies began in 1946, and now there is hardly a critical or scholarly journal that has failed to devote article after article to Faulkner. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1950. Faulkner, accompanied by his daughter, went to Sweden. Many other awards followed, including Pulitzer prizes for The Town and The Reivers. Faulkner visited European countries, especially France, spent some weeks in Japan in 1955, and made occasional public appearances in the United States. In 1957, he was a writer in residence at the University of Virginia. Three weeks after being thrown from a horse, he died, from a heart attack, in Oxford, Mississippi. July 6, 1962. (American Writers; 57b)
Sunday 30 December 2012
William Faulkner 4
William Faulkner's Yoknapatawpha County, with Jefferson as its county seat, is both a mythical and actual place. Yoknapatawpha county is 2400 square miles in area and has a population of 15,611 persons. Jefferson has an actual jail, town square, old houses, and Old Frenchman's Place, even a railroad. Faulkner's "Yoknapatawpha County" is in reality Lafayette County, and "Jefferson" is actually Oxford. The Faulkner family lived there since before the Civil War. This is where most of his stories take place. He pondered the family history and his own personal history; and he used both in writing his stories. (American Writers; 54)
Faulkner born in New Albany, Mississippi in 1897. In 1902 they moved to Oxford ("Jefferson"), the seat of the University of Mississippi. His father, Murray C. Falkner, (the u was added to the family name by the printer who set up William's first book, The Marble Faun) ran a livery stable and a hardware store. Later he became business manager of the University. Maud Butler was his mother and Murray, John, and Dean were his three brothers. (American Writers; 55a)
Faulkner's great-grandfather was William C. Falkner. He was born in 1825. He was a legendary figure in Northern Mississippi. Many details of his life have shown up in Faulkner's writings. He was twice acquitted of murder charges. He was a believer in severe discipline and was a colonel of a group of raiders of the Civil War. He began as a poor youngster trying to take care of his widowed mother, but ending his career as the owner of a railroad and a member of the state legislature. He was killed by his former railroad partner shortly after he had defeated the other for a seat in the legislature. There is a statue of William C. Falkner facing his railroad today. (American Writers; 55b)
J. W. T. Faulkner was a lawyer, a banker, and assistant United States attorney. He was an active member of "rise of the "rednecks"", the political movement that gave greater suffrage to tenant farmers. The people of Oxford say he had and explosive temper. (American Writers; 55c)
The characters Colonel Sartoris and Bayard Sartoris portray Faulkner's great-grandfather and grandfather. These characters show up in many of his stories such as Sartoris and The Unvanquished. They are a part of the Old South legend and they play an important role in the saga of Yoknapatawpha. (American Writers; 55d)
William was a poor student. He left highshool in the tenth grade to work in his grandfather's bank. He liked to read, and wrote some poetry of his own. He also tried painting. The towns people said he was a moody boy, and seemed as a puzzle to them. He began a friendship with Phil Stone in 1914. Phil was a young lawyer. This gave him a chance for literary discussions and helped acquaint him with such rising reputations as Conrad Aiken, Robert Frost, Erza Pound, and Sherwood Anderson. (American Writers; 55e)
William was underweight and only five feet tall. Because of this, he was turned down by the United States Army. He did, however, join the Royal Flying Corps in Toronto, Canada, and a cadet. On December 22, 1918, the date of demobilization, he became an honorary second lieutenant. He was often preoccupied with both the events and the implications of World War I, like most other writers of his age. Many of his earlier books deal with this. (American Writers; 55f)
As a veteran, he was allowed to enroll at the University of Mississippi. There he studied English, Spanish, and French, but he was only in residence for one full academic year. He took a job in a bookstore in New York City, but he soon returned to Oxford. He did odd jobs such as a carpenter of house painter for two years, then became postmaster at the university. He soon resigned, saying in his letter of resignation, " I will be damned if I propose to be at the beck and call of every itinerant scoundrel who has two cents to invest in a postage stamp." This same year, 1924, The Marble Faun was publicized, a book of poems. Stone had subsidized its publication. (American Writers; 55g)
Faulkner decided to go to Europe by means of New Orleans. Once he reached Now Orleans, he ended up staying for six months. He wrote a few sketches for Times-Picayune entitles "Mirrors of Charles Street," contributed to the Double Dealer, and important "little magazine," and became friends with Sherwood Anderson. At that time, Anderson was one of the most admired of American writers. Faulkner also wrote his first novel, Soldier's Pay, which Anderson helped him get published. He and Anderson remained friends despite differences in temperament and despite Faulkner's having written a parody of Anderson's style in Sherwood Anderson and other Famous Creoles, a volume of drawings by William Spratling, one of his Mew Orleans friends. In his book there is a drawing by Spratling of Faulkner and himself sitting at a table painting, writing, and drinking. On the wall there is a sigh reading "Viva Art". Beneath Faulkner's chair are three gallons of corm liquor. In June 1925, Faulkner and Spratling shipped on a freighter for Italy and a walking trip through France and Germany. (American Writers; 56a)
Faulkner went back to New York in March 1926, for the publication of Soldier's Pay. Thematically the novel comes to very little, but the young man had obvious talent. Soldier's Pay received favorable reviews, and its publisher signed a contract for a second novel. Faulkner went off to Pascagonla, Mississippi, to write it. (American Writers; 56b)
Mosquitoes, published in 1927, used New Orleans as a setting. Mosquitoes says that "actions are more important than words and doers are more important than talkers." It is a satirical novel. One of the characters, Dawson Fairchild, is based on Anderson. One part of his book contains a series of "tall tales" which Faulkner later said he and Anderson had worked up together. Mosquitoes was less well received than Soldier's Pay. (American Writers; 56c)
While writing Sartoris, Faulkner had also been working on The Sound and the Fury. They were published within a few months of each other. Sartoris marks the end of an apprenticeship. The Sound and the Fury is the work of a major writer. (American Writers; 57a)
In June of 1927, Faulkner married Estelle Oldham and settled down to a career as a writer. Within a ten year span he wrote and published most of what has come to be regarded as his major work. He made trips to Hollywood to work on movie scripts, he made trips to New York, but he mainly resided in Oxford. Sanctuary brought him notoriety. Critical acclaim, however, came more slowly. Oddly, the French recognized Faulkner's power more quickly and more widely than Americans did. In 1946, Malcolm Cowley published his influential Portable Faulkner. At this time all of Faulkner's books were out of print and there had been very little serious criticism devoted to Faulkner. Valuable studies began in 1946, and now there is hardly a critical or scholarly journal that has failed to devote article after article to Faulkner. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1950. Faulkner, accompanied by his daughter, went to Sweden. Many other awards followed, including Pulitzer prizes for The Town and The Reivers. Faulkner visited European countries, especially France, spent some weeks in Japan in 1955, and made occasional public appearances in the United States. In 1957, he was a writer in residence at the University of Virginia. Three weeks after being thrown from a horse, he died, from a heart attack, in Oxford, Mississippi. July 6, 1962. (American Writers; 57b)
Faulkner born in New Albany, Mississippi in 1897. In 1902 they moved to Oxford ("Jefferson"), the seat of the University of Mississippi. His father, Murray C. Falkner, (the u was added to the family name by the printer who set up William's first book, The Marble Faun) ran a livery stable and a hardware store. Later he became business manager of the University. Maud Butler was his mother and Murray, John, and Dean were his three brothers. (American Writers; 55a)
Faulkner's great-grandfather was William C. Falkner. He was born in 1825. He was a legendary figure in Northern Mississippi. Many details of his life have shown up in Faulkner's writings. He was twice acquitted of murder charges. He was a believer in severe discipline and was a colonel of a group of raiders of the Civil War. He began as a poor youngster trying to take care of his widowed mother, but ending his career as the owner of a railroad and a member of the state legislature. He was killed by his former railroad partner shortly after he had defeated the other for a seat in the legislature. There is a statue of William C. Falkner facing his railroad today. (American Writers; 55b)
J. W. T. Faulkner was a lawyer, a banker, and assistant United States attorney. He was an active member of "rise of the "rednecks"", the political movement that gave greater suffrage to tenant farmers. The people of Oxford say he had and explosive temper. (American Writers; 55c)
The characters Colonel Sartoris and Bayard Sartoris portray Faulkner's great-grandfather and grandfather. These characters show up in many of his stories such as Sartoris and The Unvanquished. They are a part of the Old South legend and they play an important role in the saga of Yoknapatawpha. (American Writers; 55d)
William was a poor student. He left highshool in the tenth grade to work in his grandfather's bank. He liked to read, and wrote some poetry of his own. He also tried painting. The towns people said he was a moody boy, and seemed as a puzzle to them. He began a friendship with Phil Stone in 1914. Phil was a young lawyer. This gave him a chance for literary discussions and helped acquaint him with such rising reputations as Conrad Aiken, Robert Frost, Erza Pound, and Sherwood Anderson. (American Writers; 55e)
William was underweight and only five feet tall. Because of this, he was turned down by the United States Army. He did, however, join the Royal Flying Corps in Toronto, Canada, and a cadet. On December 22, 1918, the date of demobilization, he became an honorary second lieutenant. He was often preoccupied with both the events and the implications of World War I, like most other writers of his age. Many of his earlier books deal with this. (American Writers; 55f)
As a veteran, he was allowed to enroll at the University of Mississippi. There he studied English, Spanish, and French, but he was only in residence for one full academic year. He took a job in a bookstore in New York City, but he soon returned to Oxford. He did odd jobs such as a carpenter of house painter for two years, then became postmaster at the university. He soon resigned, saying in his letter of resignation, " I will be damned if I propose to be at the beck and call of every itinerant scoundrel who has two cents to invest in a postage stamp." This same year, 1924, The Marble Faun was publicized, a book of poems. Stone had subsidized its publication. (American Writers; 55g)
Faulkner decided to go to Europe by means of New Orleans. Once he reached Now Orleans, he ended up staying for six months. He wrote a few sketches for Times-Picayune entitles "Mirrors of Charles Street," contributed to the Double Dealer, and important "little magazine," and became friends with Sherwood Anderson. At that time, Anderson was one of the most admired of American writers. Faulkner also wrote his first novel, Soldier's Pay, which Anderson helped him get published. He and Anderson remained friends despite differences in temperament and despite Faulkner's having written a parody of Anderson's style in Sherwood Anderson and other Famous Creoles, a volume of drawings by William Spratling, one of his Mew Orleans friends. In his book there is a drawing by Spratling of Faulkner and himself sitting at a table painting, writing, and drinking. On the wall there is a sigh reading "Viva Art". Beneath Faulkner's chair are three gallons of corm liquor. In June 1925, Faulkner and Spratling shipped on a freighter for Italy and a walking trip through France and Germany. (American Writers; 56a)
Faulkner went back to New York in March 1926, for the publication of Soldier's Pay. Thematically the novel comes to very little, but the young man had obvious talent. Soldier's Pay received favorable reviews, and its publisher signed a contract for a second novel. Faulkner went off to Pascagonla, Mississippi, to write it. (American Writers; 56b)
Mosquitoes, published in 1927, used New Orleans as a setting. Mosquitoes says that "actions are more important than words and doers are more important than talkers." It is a satirical novel. One of the characters, Dawson Fairchild, is based on Anderson. One part of his book contains a series of "tall tales" which Faulkner later said he and Anderson had worked up together. Mosquitoes was less well received than Soldier's Pay. (American Writers; 56c)
While writing Sartoris, Faulkner had also been working on The Sound and the Fury. They were published within a few months of each other. Sartoris marks the end of an apprenticeship. The Sound and the Fury is the work of a major writer. (American Writers; 57a)
In June of 1927, Faulkner married Estelle Oldham and settled down to a career as a writer. Within a ten year span he wrote and published most of what has come to be regarded as his major work. He made trips to Hollywood to work on movie scripts, he made trips to New York, but he mainly resided in Oxford. Sanctuary brought him notoriety. Critical acclaim, however, came more slowly. Oddly, the French recognized Faulkner's power more quickly and more widely than Americans did. In 1946, Malcolm Cowley published his influential Portable Faulkner. At this time all of Faulkner's books were out of print and there had been very little serious criticism devoted to Faulkner. Valuable studies began in 1946, and now there is hardly a critical or scholarly journal that has failed to devote article after article to Faulkner. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1950. Faulkner, accompanied by his daughter, went to Sweden. Many other awards followed, including Pulitzer prizes for The Town and The Reivers. Faulkner visited European countries, especially France, spent some weeks in Japan in 1955, and made occasional public appearances in the United States. In 1957, he was a writer in residence at the University of Virginia. Three weeks after being thrown from a horse, he died, from a heart attack, in Oxford, Mississippi. July 6, 1962. (American Writers; 57b)
Sir Wilfrid Laurier Prime Minister of Canada
Sir Wilfrid Laurier
By Ritchie Rocha
The first French Canadian to become prime minister of Canada was Wilfrid Laurier. Although French was his native tongue, he became a master of the English language. This and his picturesque personality made him popular throughout Canada, and he led the young country in a 15-year period of great development.
Wilfrid Laurier was born in St-Lin, Quebec, and studied law at McGill University. After three years in the Quebec legislature, he was elected to the Canadian House of Commons in 1874. There he rose rapidly to leadership. Although he was a French Canadian and a Roman Catholic, he was chosen leader of the Liberal party in 1887. Nine years later he became prime minister. He was knighted in 1897.
"Build up Canada" were the watchwords of Laurier's government. Laurier was loyal to Great Britain, sent Canadian volunteers to help in the Boer War, established a tariff favorable to British goods, and worked to strengthen the ties between the two countries. But he saw the British Empire as a worldwide alliance of free and equal nations, and he opposed every attempt to limit Canada's freedom. Laurier's liberal immigration policy brought hundreds of thousands of settlers to the western provinces. He reduced postal rates, promoted the building of railroads needed for national expansion, and appointed a commission to regulate railroad rates. After 15 years in office his government was defeated, presumably on the issue of reciprocal trade with the United States. Laurier believed, however, that his political defeat was caused primarily by opponents in Ontario who considered him too partial to Roman Catholic interests in Quebec. Prior to World War I, Laurier tried forcefully to support the formation of a Canadian navy. His own Liberal party defeated this measure, however, and Canada entered the war without a fleet of its own. During the early years of World War I, Laurier supported the war policy of Sir Robert Borden's Conservative government. In 1917 he refused to join a coalition government that was formed to uphold conscription. Laurier felt that he could not back a measure so unpopular in the province of Quebec.
Wilfrid Laurier's regime lasted 15 years. It was one of renewed growth and prosperity. The Manitoba School Question was promptly hushed up by new legislation enacted by the province in accordance with a compromise worked out with Ottawa. To his Cabinet Laurier drew some of the most capable leaders from every part of Canada. Business throughout the world was on an upswing, and the Laurier government was determined to get in on the action. The demand for Canadian wheat abroad encouraged immigration, and immigration in turn increased farm production and the value of national exports. "The 20th century belongs to Canada," cried Laurier; and the whole nation took confidence from his assurance. Two new transcontinental railways were begun. By 1905 the west had expanded in both population and economic strength to such an extent that two new provinces, Alberta and Saskatchewan, were carved out of the Northwest Territories. These encouraging developments were inadvertently assisted by an occurrence in the far northwest. Since the Fraser River gold strike of 1858, prospectors had been consistently combing the mountainous areas of British Columbia and to the north. In 1896 their persistence paid off with the discovery of gold nuggets on the Klondike River in the far western Yukon Territory. When the news spread, the gold rush of 1897 began; it was to become the most publicized gold rush in history, eventually to be celebrated in the works of such writers as Jack London and Robert Service. The gold strike had some beneficial side effects. As miners poured into western Canada from the United States and other parts of the world, the extent of the unpopulated prairie lands became known. By this time, of course, the supply of free land in the United States had become exhausted, and the frontier was closed. Very soon after the gold rush, settlers began pouring into the western prairies of Canada by the thousands, from Europe as well as the United States. With much of Canada being unpopulated, this would help to create the massive population increase that Laurier was waiting for. More Canadian citizens would of course mean more taxes. More taxes would mean more money for the government. More money for the government would mean that Laurier could use the new financial wealth of the country to slingshot Canada's status of being just a large cold country to the status of being a country where all were welcome and good land was available to people that were willing to put it to good use. They came from as far away as Russia to establish farms on the open wheatlands. It was not long before demands arose for the creation of at least one province between Manitoba and British Columbia. Thus, in 1905, the government in Ottawa formed two new provinces, Alberta and Saskatchewan. Another benefit resulting, at least in part, from the gold rush was the discovery of other minerals in the Canadian wilds. As early as 1883, nickel had been found at Sudbury, Ont. In the early 1890s large deposits of base-metal ores were found in southern British Columbia. After 1900 a rich deposit of silver was discovered north of Lake Nipissing in Ontario. Canada soon became perceived around the world as a mineral-rich nation with great untapped potential. The new prime minister thus basked in an environment of progress and prosperity after a depression that had lasted more than 20 years. Laurier's only serious political difficulties stemmed from his inability to satisfy fully the imperialists among his followers. Great Britain received support in the Boer War of 1899-1902 from the other self-governing colonies, and Laurier reluctantly committed Canada as well (see Boer War). His decision, however, sharpened the controversy between the two nationality groups regarding Canada's proper responsibilities to Britain in the future. On the other hand, he continued to resist pressures to tie the bonds of empire still more tightly during the years after the victory in South Africa. Seeds of distrust concerning his policies were thus sown on both sides of the wall that was rising between Canadians of French and of English descent. Another foreign policy issue arose as naval competition increased between Germany and Britain in the years before World War I. Great Britain naturally desired to receive military help from the colonies, and again Laurier found a compromise that satisfied neither the pro-British faction nor the French partisans. He founded the Canadian Navy in 1910 with the provision that in time of war it be placed under British command. This quickly led to accusations that Canadian soldiers would be drafted into the British Army if war came.
In 1911, when his opponents denounced his government's decision to implement a limited reciprocity pact with the United States, Laurier felt he was on firmer ground and called a general election. His defeat, which occurred largely on this issue, showed that the prospering nation's reservations regarding his policies were exceeded only by its lingering distrust of the United States. He believed that he was right, and that a lasting relationship with the United States would be beneficial and crucial to the development to both countries. People laughed at him and called him a fool for putting his trust in country such as the United States and Wilfrid Laurier died in Ottawa on Feb. 17, 1919 believing in his political ideas. He was right though; we need the United States to survive and they need us just as much as we need them. It was the people and politicians which followed in Laurier's footsteps which has led us to our current relationship with the United States and the rest of the world. Sir Wilfrid Laurier was truly an incredible citizen, politician, strategist, and may have been the best prime minister this country will ever know.
By Ritchie Rocha
The first French Canadian to become prime minister of Canada was Wilfrid Laurier. Although French was his native tongue, he became a master of the English language. This and his picturesque personality made him popular throughout Canada, and he led the young country in a 15-year period of great development.
Wilfrid Laurier was born in St-Lin, Quebec, and studied law at McGill University. After three years in the Quebec legislature, he was elected to the Canadian House of Commons in 1874. There he rose rapidly to leadership. Although he was a French Canadian and a Roman Catholic, he was chosen leader of the Liberal party in 1887. Nine years later he became prime minister. He was knighted in 1897.
"Build up Canada" were the watchwords of Laurier's government. Laurier was loyal to Great Britain, sent Canadian volunteers to help in the Boer War, established a tariff favorable to British goods, and worked to strengthen the ties between the two countries. But he saw the British Empire as a worldwide alliance of free and equal nations, and he opposed every attempt to limit Canada's freedom. Laurier's liberal immigration policy brought hundreds of thousands of settlers to the western provinces. He reduced postal rates, promoted the building of railroads needed for national expansion, and appointed a commission to regulate railroad rates. After 15 years in office his government was defeated, presumably on the issue of reciprocal trade with the United States. Laurier believed, however, that his political defeat was caused primarily by opponents in Ontario who considered him too partial to Roman Catholic interests in Quebec. Prior to World War I, Laurier tried forcefully to support the formation of a Canadian navy. His own Liberal party defeated this measure, however, and Canada entered the war without a fleet of its own. During the early years of World War I, Laurier supported the war policy of Sir Robert Borden's Conservative government. In 1917 he refused to join a coalition government that was formed to uphold conscription. Laurier felt that he could not back a measure so unpopular in the province of Quebec.
Wilfrid Laurier's regime lasted 15 years. It was one of renewed growth and prosperity. The Manitoba School Question was promptly hushed up by new legislation enacted by the province in accordance with a compromise worked out with Ottawa. To his Cabinet Laurier drew some of the most capable leaders from every part of Canada. Business throughout the world was on an upswing, and the Laurier government was determined to get in on the action. The demand for Canadian wheat abroad encouraged immigration, and immigration in turn increased farm production and the value of national exports. "The 20th century belongs to Canada," cried Laurier; and the whole nation took confidence from his assurance. Two new transcontinental railways were begun. By 1905 the west had expanded in both population and economic strength to such an extent that two new provinces, Alberta and Saskatchewan, were carved out of the Northwest Territories. These encouraging developments were inadvertently assisted by an occurrence in the far northwest. Since the Fraser River gold strike of 1858, prospectors had been consistently combing the mountainous areas of British Columbia and to the north. In 1896 their persistence paid off with the discovery of gold nuggets on the Klondike River in the far western Yukon Territory. When the news spread, the gold rush of 1897 began; it was to become the most publicized gold rush in history, eventually to be celebrated in the works of such writers as Jack London and Robert Service. The gold strike had some beneficial side effects. As miners poured into western Canada from the United States and other parts of the world, the extent of the unpopulated prairie lands became known. By this time, of course, the supply of free land in the United States had become exhausted, and the frontier was closed. Very soon after the gold rush, settlers began pouring into the western prairies of Canada by the thousands, from Europe as well as the United States. With much of Canada being unpopulated, this would help to create the massive population increase that Laurier was waiting for. More Canadian citizens would of course mean more taxes. More taxes would mean more money for the government. More money for the government would mean that Laurier could use the new financial wealth of the country to slingshot Canada's status of being just a large cold country to the status of being a country where all were welcome and good land was available to people that were willing to put it to good use. They came from as far away as Russia to establish farms on the open wheatlands. It was not long before demands arose for the creation of at least one province between Manitoba and British Columbia. Thus, in 1905, the government in Ottawa formed two new provinces, Alberta and Saskatchewan. Another benefit resulting, at least in part, from the gold rush was the discovery of other minerals in the Canadian wilds. As early as 1883, nickel had been found at Sudbury, Ont. In the early 1890s large deposits of base-metal ores were found in southern British Columbia. After 1900 a rich deposit of silver was discovered north of Lake Nipissing in Ontario. Canada soon became perceived around the world as a mineral-rich nation with great untapped potential. The new prime minister thus basked in an environment of progress and prosperity after a depression that had lasted more than 20 years. Laurier's only serious political difficulties stemmed from his inability to satisfy fully the imperialists among his followers. Great Britain received support in the Boer War of 1899-1902 from the other self-governing colonies, and Laurier reluctantly committed Canada as well (see Boer War). His decision, however, sharpened the controversy between the two nationality groups regarding Canada's proper responsibilities to Britain in the future. On the other hand, he continued to resist pressures to tie the bonds of empire still more tightly during the years after the victory in South Africa. Seeds of distrust concerning his policies were thus sown on both sides of the wall that was rising between Canadians of French and of English descent. Another foreign policy issue arose as naval competition increased between Germany and Britain in the years before World War I. Great Britain naturally desired to receive military help from the colonies, and again Laurier found a compromise that satisfied neither the pro-British faction nor the French partisans. He founded the Canadian Navy in 1910 with the provision that in time of war it be placed under British command. This quickly led to accusations that Canadian soldiers would be drafted into the British Army if war came.
In 1911, when his opponents denounced his government's decision to implement a limited reciprocity pact with the United States, Laurier felt he was on firmer ground and called a general election. His defeat, which occurred largely on this issue, showed that the prospering nation's reservations regarding his policies were exceeded only by its lingering distrust of the United States. He believed that he was right, and that a lasting relationship with the United States would be beneficial and crucial to the development to both countries. People laughed at him and called him a fool for putting his trust in country such as the United States and Wilfrid Laurier died in Ottawa on Feb. 17, 1919 believing in his political ideas. He was right though; we need the United States to survive and they need us just as much as we need them. It was the people and politicians which followed in Laurier's footsteps which has led us to our current relationship with the United States and the rest of the world. Sir Wilfrid Laurier was truly an incredible citizen, politician, strategist, and may have been the best prime minister this country will ever know.
Sir Wilfrid Laurier Prime Minister of Canada 4
Sir Wilfrid Laurier
By Ritchie Rocha
The first French Canadian to become prime minister of Canada was Wilfrid Laurier. Although French was his native tongue, he became a master of the English language. This and his picturesque personality made him popular throughout Canada, and he led the young country in a 15-year period of great development.
Wilfrid Laurier was born in St-Lin, Quebec, and studied law at McGill University. After three years in the Quebec legislature, he was elected to the Canadian House of Commons in 1874. There he rose rapidly to leadership. Although he was a French Canadian and a Roman Catholic, he was chosen leader of the Liberal party in 1887. Nine years later he became prime minister. He was knighted in 1897.
"Build up Canada" were the watchwords of Laurier's government. Laurier was loyal to Great Britain, sent Canadian volunteers to help in the Boer War, established a tariff favorable to British goods, and worked to strengthen the ties between the two countries. But he saw the British Empire as a worldwide alliance of free and equal nations, and he opposed every attempt to limit Canada's freedom. Laurier's liberal immigration policy brought hundreds of thousands of settlers to the western provinces. He reduced postal rates, promoted the building of railroads needed for national expansion, and appointed a commission to regulate railroad rates. After 15 years in office his government was defeated, presumably on the issue of reciprocal trade with the United States. Laurier believed, however, that his political defeat was caused primarily by opponents in Ontario who considered him too partial to Roman Catholic interests in Quebec. Prior to World War I, Laurier tried forcefully to support the formation of a Canadian navy. His own Liberal party defeated this measure, however, and Canada entered the war without a fleet of its own. During the early years of World War I, Laurier supported the war policy of Sir Robert Borden's Conservative government. In 1917 he refused to join a coalition government that was formed to uphold conscription. Laurier felt that he could not back a measure so unpopular in the province of Quebec.
Wilfrid Laurier's regime lasted 15 years. It was one of renewed growth and prosperity. The Manitoba School Question was promptly hushed up by new legislation enacted by the province in accordance with a compromise worked out with Ottawa. To his Cabinet Laurier drew some of the most capable leaders from every part of Canada. Business throughout the world was on an upswing, and the Laurier government was determined to get in on the action. The demand for Canadian wheat abroad encouraged immigration, and immigration in turn increased farm production and the value of national exports. "The 20th century belongs to Canada," cried Laurier; and the whole nation took confidence from his assurance. Two new transcontinental railways were begun. By 1905 the west had expanded in both population and economic strength to such an extent that two new provinces, Alberta and Saskatchewan, were carved out of the Northwest Territories. These encouraging developments were inadvertently assisted by an occurrence in the far northwest. Since the Fraser River gold strike of 1858, prospectors had been consistently combing the mountainous areas of British Columbia and to the north. In 1896 their persistence paid off with the discovery of gold nuggets on the Klondike River in the far western Yukon Territory. When the news spread, the gold rush of 1897 began; it was to become the most publicized gold rush in history, eventually to be celebrated in the works of such writers as Jack London and Robert Service. The gold strike had some beneficial side effects. As miners poured into western Canada from the United States and other parts of the world, the extent of the unpopulated prairie lands became known. By this time, of course, the supply of free land in the United States had become exhausted, and the frontier was closed. Very soon after the gold rush, settlers began pouring into the western prairies of Canada by the thousands, from Europe as well as the United States. With much of Canada being unpopulated, this would help to create the massive population increase that Laurier was waiting for. More Canadian citizens would of course mean more taxes. More taxes would mean more money for the government. More money for the government would mean that Laurier could use the new financial wealth of the country to slingshot Canada's status of being just a large cold country to the status of being a country where all were welcome and good land was available to people that were willing to put it to good use. They came from as far away as Russia to establish farms on the open wheatlands. It was not long before demands arose for the creation of at least one province between Manitoba and British Columbia. Thus, in 1905, the government in Ottawa formed two new provinces, Alberta and Saskatchewan. Another benefit resulting, at least in part, from the gold rush was the discovery of other minerals in the Canadian wilds. As early as 1883, nickel had been found at Sudbury, Ont. In the early 1890s large deposits of base-metal ores were found in southern British Columbia. After 1900 a rich deposit of silver was discovered north of Lake Nipissing in Ontario. Canada soon became perceived around the world as a mineral-rich nation with great untapped potential. The new prime minister thus basked in an environment of progress and prosperity after a depression that had lasted more than 20 years. Laurier's only serious political difficulties stemmed from his inability to satisfy fully the imperialists among his followers. Great Britain received support in the Boer War of 1899-1902 from the other self-governing colonies, and Laurier reluctantly committed Canada as well (see Boer War). His decision, however, sharpened the controversy between the two nationality groups regarding Canada's proper responsibilities to Britain in the future. On the other hand, he continued to resist pressures to tie the bonds of empire still more tightly during the years after the victory in South Africa. Seeds of distrust concerning his policies were thus sown on both sides of the wall that was rising between Canadians of French and of English descent. Another foreign policy issue arose as naval competition increased between Germany and Britain in the years before World War I. Great Britain naturally desired to receive military help from the colonies, and again Laurier found a compromise that satisfied neither the pro-British faction nor the French partisans. He founded the Canadian Navy in 1910 with the provision that in time of war it be placed under British command. This quickly led to accusations that Canadian soldiers would be drafted into the British Army if war came.
In 1911, when his opponents denounced his government's decision to implement a limited reciprocity pact with the United States, Laurier felt he was on firmer ground and called a general election. His defeat, which occurred largely on this issue, showed that the prospering nation's reservations regarding his policies were exceeded only by its lingering distrust of the United States. He believed that he was right, and that a lasting relationship with the United States would be beneficial and crucial to the development to both countries. People laughed at him and called him a fool for putting his trust in country such as the United States and Wilfrid Laurier died in Ottawa on Feb. 17, 1919 believing in his political ideas. He was right though; we need the United States to survive and they need us just as much as we need them. It was the people and politicians which followed in Laurier's footsteps which has led us to our current relationship with the United States and the rest of the world. Sir Wilfrid Laurier was truly an incredible citizen, politician, strategist, and may have been the best prime minister this country will ever know.
By Ritchie Rocha
The first French Canadian to become prime minister of Canada was Wilfrid Laurier. Although French was his native tongue, he became a master of the English language. This and his picturesque personality made him popular throughout Canada, and he led the young country in a 15-year period of great development.
Wilfrid Laurier was born in St-Lin, Quebec, and studied law at McGill University. After three years in the Quebec legislature, he was elected to the Canadian House of Commons in 1874. There he rose rapidly to leadership. Although he was a French Canadian and a Roman Catholic, he was chosen leader of the Liberal party in 1887. Nine years later he became prime minister. He was knighted in 1897.
"Build up Canada" were the watchwords of Laurier's government. Laurier was loyal to Great Britain, sent Canadian volunteers to help in the Boer War, established a tariff favorable to British goods, and worked to strengthen the ties between the two countries. But he saw the British Empire as a worldwide alliance of free and equal nations, and he opposed every attempt to limit Canada's freedom. Laurier's liberal immigration policy brought hundreds of thousands of settlers to the western provinces. He reduced postal rates, promoted the building of railroads needed for national expansion, and appointed a commission to regulate railroad rates. After 15 years in office his government was defeated, presumably on the issue of reciprocal trade with the United States. Laurier believed, however, that his political defeat was caused primarily by opponents in Ontario who considered him too partial to Roman Catholic interests in Quebec. Prior to World War I, Laurier tried forcefully to support the formation of a Canadian navy. His own Liberal party defeated this measure, however, and Canada entered the war without a fleet of its own. During the early years of World War I, Laurier supported the war policy of Sir Robert Borden's Conservative government. In 1917 he refused to join a coalition government that was formed to uphold conscription. Laurier felt that he could not back a measure so unpopular in the province of Quebec.
Wilfrid Laurier's regime lasted 15 years. It was one of renewed growth and prosperity. The Manitoba School Question was promptly hushed up by new legislation enacted by the province in accordance with a compromise worked out with Ottawa. To his Cabinet Laurier drew some of the most capable leaders from every part of Canada. Business throughout the world was on an upswing, and the Laurier government was determined to get in on the action. The demand for Canadian wheat abroad encouraged immigration, and immigration in turn increased farm production and the value of national exports. "The 20th century belongs to Canada," cried Laurier; and the whole nation took confidence from his assurance. Two new transcontinental railways were begun. By 1905 the west had expanded in both population and economic strength to such an extent that two new provinces, Alberta and Saskatchewan, were carved out of the Northwest Territories. These encouraging developments were inadvertently assisted by an occurrence in the far northwest. Since the Fraser River gold strike of 1858, prospectors had been consistently combing the mountainous areas of British Columbia and to the north. In 1896 their persistence paid off with the discovery of gold nuggets on the Klondike River in the far western Yukon Territory. When the news spread, the gold rush of 1897 began; it was to become the most publicized gold rush in history, eventually to be celebrated in the works of such writers as Jack London and Robert Service. The gold strike had some beneficial side effects. As miners poured into western Canada from the United States and other parts of the world, the extent of the unpopulated prairie lands became known. By this time, of course, the supply of free land in the United States had become exhausted, and the frontier was closed. Very soon after the gold rush, settlers began pouring into the western prairies of Canada by the thousands, from Europe as well as the United States. With much of Canada being unpopulated, this would help to create the massive population increase that Laurier was waiting for. More Canadian citizens would of course mean more taxes. More taxes would mean more money for the government. More money for the government would mean that Laurier could use the new financial wealth of the country to slingshot Canada's status of being just a large cold country to the status of being a country where all were welcome and good land was available to people that were willing to put it to good use. They came from as far away as Russia to establish farms on the open wheatlands. It was not long before demands arose for the creation of at least one province between Manitoba and British Columbia. Thus, in 1905, the government in Ottawa formed two new provinces, Alberta and Saskatchewan. Another benefit resulting, at least in part, from the gold rush was the discovery of other minerals in the Canadian wilds. As early as 1883, nickel had been found at Sudbury, Ont. In the early 1890s large deposits of base-metal ores were found in southern British Columbia. After 1900 a rich deposit of silver was discovered north of Lake Nipissing in Ontario. Canada soon became perceived around the world as a mineral-rich nation with great untapped potential. The new prime minister thus basked in an environment of progress and prosperity after a depression that had lasted more than 20 years. Laurier's only serious political difficulties stemmed from his inability to satisfy fully the imperialists among his followers. Great Britain received support in the Boer War of 1899-1902 from the other self-governing colonies, and Laurier reluctantly committed Canada as well (see Boer War). His decision, however, sharpened the controversy between the two nationality groups regarding Canada's proper responsibilities to Britain in the future. On the other hand, he continued to resist pressures to tie the bonds of empire still more tightly during the years after the victory in South Africa. Seeds of distrust concerning his policies were thus sown on both sides of the wall that was rising between Canadians of French and of English descent. Another foreign policy issue arose as naval competition increased between Germany and Britain in the years before World War I. Great Britain naturally desired to receive military help from the colonies, and again Laurier found a compromise that satisfied neither the pro-British faction nor the French partisans. He founded the Canadian Navy in 1910 with the provision that in time of war it be placed under British command. This quickly led to accusations that Canadian soldiers would be drafted into the British Army if war came.
In 1911, when his opponents denounced his government's decision to implement a limited reciprocity pact with the United States, Laurier felt he was on firmer ground and called a general election. His defeat, which occurred largely on this issue, showed that the prospering nation's reservations regarding his policies were exceeded only by its lingering distrust of the United States. He believed that he was right, and that a lasting relationship with the United States would be beneficial and crucial to the development to both countries. People laughed at him and called him a fool for putting his trust in country such as the United States and Wilfrid Laurier died in Ottawa on Feb. 17, 1919 believing in his political ideas. He was right though; we need the United States to survive and they need us just as much as we need them. It was the people and politicians which followed in Laurier's footsteps which has led us to our current relationship with the United States and the rest of the world. Sir Wilfrid Laurier was truly an incredible citizen, politician, strategist, and may have been the best prime minister this country will ever know.
Seeing The Blood Vessels In THe Back Of your Own Eye
Page 1
Have you ever seen a doctor look into a patient's eye with an instrument called an "ophthalmoscope"? The instrument lights up the inside of the eye and magnifies the vessels of the retina in the rear of the eye.
This gives the doctor an idea about how healthy you are as he looks at all the vessels in the back of your eye.
HYPOTHESIS
I wanted to know if a person could see the blood vessels in the back of their own eye without using the instrument that the doctor uses in the eye exam.
I am really interested in eyes because I have an uncle who got in a car accident and now he is blind. I hope someday doctors can help all those who are blind to be able to see.
I guessed that a person could not see the blood vessels in the back of their own eyes.
EXPERIMENT
My experiment was not about the tiny blood vessels that you can easily see on the surface of the eye. It's to do with the larger vessels
All I had to do was take a person into a dark room with my flashlight. I had them cover their left eye and look down at the floor with their right eye. I held the flashlight up towards the ceiling under their right eye, but they kept looking at the floor, not the light.
RESULTS
I am writing down what everyone recorded for me. I am first:
JOSH: I could see black blood vessels with orange in the background...it
looked like a lot of dead tree.
Page 2
BRENDA: The blood vessels resembled jagged lighting bolts or trees in the winter time.
LAURA: I saw crooked lines that didn't stand still, but kept changing.
DARWIN: The image appeared to be in front of the body and quite enlarged. I found that it takes practice to see this.
BRYAN: Sometimes your eye gets tired before you can successfully do this, so you may have to use the other eye or take a rest and try it again.
MATT: I saw black lines that branched out and kept moving. I also saw orange and red colors along with the black lines.
JOSH (second time): Sometimes if you suddenly change the direction of your eyes from left to right, you will see very bright blood vessels for just a second.
CONCLUSION:
I found out that you can see the vessels in the back of the eye without using the doctor's instrument.
I was glad to know that this is possible.
Page 1
Have you ever seen a doctor look into a patient's eye with an instrument called an "ophthalmoscope"? The instrument lights up the inside of the eye and magnifies the vessels of the retina in the rear of the eye.
This gives the doctor an idea about how healthy you are as he looks at all the vessels in the back of your eye.
HYPOTHESIS
I wanted to know if a person could see the blood vessels in the back of their own eye without using the instrument that the doctor uses in the eye exam.
I am really interested in eyes because I have an uncle who got in a car accident and now he is blind. I hope someday doctors can help all those who are blind to be able to see.
I guessed that a person could not see the blood vessels in the back of their own eyes.
EXPERIMENT
My experiment was not about the tiny blood vessels that you can easily see on the surface of the eye. It's to do with the larger vessels
All I had to do was take a person into a dark room with my flashlight. I had them cover their left eye and look down at the floor with their right eye. I held the flashlight up towards the ceiling under their right eye, but they kept looking at the floor, not the light.
RESULTS
I am writing down what everyone recorded for me. I am first:
JOSH: I could see black blood vessels with orange in the background...it
looked like a lot of dead tree.
Page 2
BRENDA: The blood vessels resembled jagged lighting bolts or trees in the winter time.
LAURA: I saw crooked lines that didn't stand still, but kept changing.
DARWIN: The image appeared to be in front of the body and quite enlarged. I found that it takes practice to see this.
BRYAN: Sometimes your eye gets tired before you can successfully do this, so you may have to use the other eye or take a rest and try it again.
MATT: I saw black lines that branched out and kept moving. I also saw orange and red colors along with the black lines.
JOSH (second time): Sometimes if you suddenly change the direction of your eyes from left to right, you will see very bright blood vessels for just a second.
CONCLUSION:
I found out that you can see the vessels in the back of the eye without using the doctor's instrument.
I was glad to know that this is possible.
Page 1
Have you ever seen a doctor look into a patient's eye with an instrument called an "ophthalmoscope"? The instrument lights up the inside of the eye and magnifies the vessels of the retina in the rear of the eye.
This gives the doctor an idea about how healthy you are as he looks at all the vessels in the back of your eye.
HYPOTHESIS
I wanted to know if a person could see the blood vessels in the back of their own eye without using the instrument that the doctor uses in the eye exam.
I am really interested in eyes because I have an uncle who got in a car accident and now he is blind. I hope someday doctors can help all those who are blind to be able to see.
I guessed that a person could not see the blood vessels in the back of their own eyes.
EXPERIMENT
My experiment was not about the tiny blood vessels that you can easily see on the surface of the eye. It's to do with the larger vessels
All I had to do was take a person into a dark room with my flashlight. I had them cover their left eye and look down at the floor with their right eye. I held the flashlight up towards the ceiling under their right eye, but they kept looking at the floor, not the light.
RESULTS
I am writing down what everyone recorded for me. I am first:
JOSH: I could see black blood vessels with orange in the background...it
looked like a lot of dead tree.
Page 2
BRENDA: The blood vessels resembled jagged lighting bolts or trees in the winter time.
LAURA: I saw crooked lines that didn't stand still, but kept changing.
DARWIN: The image appeared to be in front of the body and quite enlarged. I found that it takes practice to see this.
BRYAN: Sometimes your eye gets tired before you can successfully do this, so you may have to use the other eye or take a rest and try it again.
MATT: I saw black lines that branched out and kept moving. I also saw orange and red colors along with the black lines.
JOSH (second time): Sometimes if you suddenly change the direction of your eyes from left to right, you will see very bright blood vessels for just a second.
CONCLUSION:
I found out that you can see the vessels in the back of the eye without using the doctor's instrument.
I was glad to know that this is possible.
Have you ever seen a doctor look into a patient's eye with an instrument called an "ophthalmoscope"? The instrument lights up the inside of the eye and magnifies the vessels of the retina in the rear of the eye.
This gives the doctor an idea about how healthy you are as he looks at all the vessels in the back of your eye.
HYPOTHESIS
I wanted to know if a person could see the blood vessels in the back of their own eye without using the instrument that the doctor uses in the eye exam.
I am really interested in eyes because I have an uncle who got in a car accident and now he is blind. I hope someday doctors can help all those who are blind to be able to see.
I guessed that a person could not see the blood vessels in the back of their own eyes.
EXPERIMENT
My experiment was not about the tiny blood vessels that you can easily see on the surface of the eye. It's to do with the larger vessels
All I had to do was take a person into a dark room with my flashlight. I had them cover their left eye and look down at the floor with their right eye. I held the flashlight up towards the ceiling under their right eye, but they kept looking at the floor, not the light.
RESULTS
I am writing down what everyone recorded for me. I am first:
JOSH: I could see black blood vessels with orange in the background...it
looked like a lot of dead tree.
Page 2
BRENDA: The blood vessels resembled jagged lighting bolts or trees in the winter time.
LAURA: I saw crooked lines that didn't stand still, but kept changing.
DARWIN: The image appeared to be in front of the body and quite enlarged. I found that it takes practice to see this.
BRYAN: Sometimes your eye gets tired before you can successfully do this, so you may have to use the other eye or take a rest and try it again.
MATT: I saw black lines that branched out and kept moving. I also saw orange and red colors along with the black lines.
JOSH (second time): Sometimes if you suddenly change the direction of your eyes from left to right, you will see very bright blood vessels for just a second.
CONCLUSION:
I found out that you can see the vessels in the back of the eye without using the doctor's instrument.
I was glad to know that this is possible.
Page 1
Have you ever seen a doctor look into a patient's eye with an instrument called an "ophthalmoscope"? The instrument lights up the inside of the eye and magnifies the vessels of the retina in the rear of the eye.
This gives the doctor an idea about how healthy you are as he looks at all the vessels in the back of your eye.
HYPOTHESIS
I wanted to know if a person could see the blood vessels in the back of their own eye without using the instrument that the doctor uses in the eye exam.
I am really interested in eyes because I have an uncle who got in a car accident and now he is blind. I hope someday doctors can help all those who are blind to be able to see.
I guessed that a person could not see the blood vessels in the back of their own eyes.
EXPERIMENT
My experiment was not about the tiny blood vessels that you can easily see on the surface of the eye. It's to do with the larger vessels
All I had to do was take a person into a dark room with my flashlight. I had them cover their left eye and look down at the floor with their right eye. I held the flashlight up towards the ceiling under their right eye, but they kept looking at the floor, not the light.
RESULTS
I am writing down what everyone recorded for me. I am first:
JOSH: I could see black blood vessels with orange in the background...it
looked like a lot of dead tree.
Page 2
BRENDA: The blood vessels resembled jagged lighting bolts or trees in the winter time.
LAURA: I saw crooked lines that didn't stand still, but kept changing.
DARWIN: The image appeared to be in front of the body and quite enlarged. I found that it takes practice to see this.
BRYAN: Sometimes your eye gets tired before you can successfully do this, so you may have to use the other eye or take a rest and try it again.
MATT: I saw black lines that branched out and kept moving. I also saw orange and red colors along with the black lines.
JOSH (second time): Sometimes if you suddenly change the direction of your eyes from left to right, you will see very bright blood vessels for just a second.
CONCLUSION:
I found out that you can see the vessels in the back of the eye without using the doctor's instrument.
I was glad to know that this is possible.
Page 1
Have you ever seen a doctor look into a patient's eye with an instrument called an "ophthalmoscope"? The instrument lights up the inside of the eye and magnifies the vessels of the retina in the rear of the eye.
This gives the doctor an idea about how healthy you are as he looks at all the vessels in the back of your eye.
HYPOTHESIS
I wanted to know if a person could see the blood vessels in the back of their own eye without using the instrument that the doctor uses in the eye exam.
I am really interested in eyes because I have an uncle who got in a car accident and now he is blind. I hope someday doctors can help all those who are blind to be able to see.
I guessed that a person could not see the blood vessels in the back of their own eyes.
EXPERIMENT
My experiment was not about the tiny blood vessels that you can easily see on the surface of the eye. It's to do with the larger vessels
All I had to do was take a person into a dark room with my flashlight. I had them cover their left eye and look down at the floor with their right eye. I held the flashlight up towards the ceiling under their right eye, but they kept looking at the floor, not the light.
RESULTS
I am writing down what everyone recorded for me. I am first:
JOSH: I could see black blood vessels with orange in the background...it
looked like a lot of dead tree.
Page 2
BRENDA: The blood vessels resembled jagged lighting bolts or trees in the winter time.
LAURA: I saw crooked lines that didn't stand still, but kept changing.
DARWIN: The image appeared to be in front of the body and quite enlarged. I found that it takes practice to see this.
BRYAN: Sometimes your eye gets tired before you can successfully do this, so you may have to use the other eye or take a rest and try it again.
MATT: I saw black lines that branched out and kept moving. I also saw orange and red colors along with the black lines.
JOSH (second time): Sometimes if you suddenly change the direction of your eyes from left to right, you will see very bright blood vessels for just a second.
CONCLUSION:
I found out that you can see the vessels in the back of the eye without using the doctor's instrument.
I was glad to know that this is possible.
Seeing The Blood Vessels In THe Back Of your Own Eye 4
Page 1
Have you ever seen a doctor look into a patient's eye with an instrument called an "ophthalmoscope"? The instrument lights up the inside of the eye and magnifies the vessels of the retina in the rear of the eye.
This gives the doctor an idea about how healthy you are as he looks at all the vessels in the back of your eye.
HYPOTHESIS
I wanted to know if a person could see the blood vessels in the back of their own eye without using the instrument that the doctor uses in the eye exam.
I am really interested in eyes because I have an uncle who got in a car accident and now he is blind. I hope someday doctors can help all those who are blind to be able to see.
I guessed that a person could not see the blood vessels in the back of their own eyes.
EXPERIMENT
My experiment was not about the tiny blood vessels that you can easily see on the surface of the eye. It's to do with the larger vessels
All I had to do was take a person into a dark room with my flashlight. I had them cover their left eye and look down at the floor with their right eye. I held the flashlight up towards the ceiling under their right eye, but they kept looking at the floor, not the light.
RESULTS
I am writing down what everyone recorded for me. I am first:
JOSH: I could see black blood vessels with orange in the background...it
looked like a lot of dead tree.
Page 2
BRENDA: The blood vessels resembled jagged lighting bolts or trees in the winter time.
LAURA: I saw crooked lines that didn't stand still, but kept changing.
DARWIN: The image appeared to be in front of the body and quite enlarged. I found that it takes practice to see this.
BRYAN: Sometimes your eye gets tired before you can successfully do this, so you may have to use the other eye or take a rest and try it again.
MATT: I saw black lines that branched out and kept moving. I also saw orange and red colors along with the black lines.
JOSH (second time): Sometimes if you suddenly change the direction of your eyes from left to right, you will see very bright blood vessels for just a second.
CONCLUSION:
I found out that you can see the vessels in the back of the eye without using the doctor's instrument.
I was glad to know that this is possible.
Page 1
Have you ever seen a doctor look into a patient's eye with an instrument called an "ophthalmoscope"? The instrument lights up the inside of the eye and magnifies the vessels of the retina in the rear of the eye.
This gives the doctor an idea about how healthy you are as he looks at all the vessels in the back of your eye.
HYPOTHESIS
I wanted to know if a person could see the blood vessels in the back of their own eye without using the instrument that the doctor uses in the eye exam.
I am really interested in eyes because I have an uncle who got in a car accident and now he is blind. I hope someday doctors can help all those who are blind to be able to see.
I guessed that a person could not see the blood vessels in the back of their own eyes.
EXPERIMENT
My experiment was not about the tiny blood vessels that you can easily see on the surface of the eye. It's to do with the larger vessels
All I had to do was take a person into a dark room with my flashlight. I had them cover their left eye and look down at the floor with their right eye. I held the flashlight up towards the ceiling under their right eye, but they kept looking at the floor, not the light.
RESULTS
I am writing down what everyone recorded for me. I am first:
JOSH: I could see black blood vessels with orange in the background...it
looked like a lot of dead tree.
Page 2
BRENDA: The blood vessels resembled jagged lighting bolts or trees in the winter time.
LAURA: I saw crooked lines that didn't stand still, but kept changing.
DARWIN: The image appeared to be in front of the body and quite enlarged. I found that it takes practice to see this.
BRYAN: Sometimes your eye gets tired before you can successfully do this, so you may have to use the other eye or take a rest and try it again.
MATT: I saw black lines that branched out and kept moving. I also saw orange and red colors along with the black lines.
JOSH (second time): Sometimes if you suddenly change the direction of your eyes from left to right, you will see very bright blood vessels for just a second.
CONCLUSION:
I found out that you can see the vessels in the back of the eye without using the doctor's instrument.
I was glad to know that this is possible.
Page 1
Have you ever seen a doctor look into a patient's eye with an instrument called an "ophthalmoscope"? The instrument lights up the inside of the eye and magnifies the vessels of the retina in the rear of the eye.
This gives the doctor an idea about how healthy you are as he looks at all the vessels in the back of your eye.
HYPOTHESIS
I wanted to know if a person could see the blood vessels in the back of their own eye without using the instrument that the doctor uses in the eye exam.
I am really interested in eyes because I have an uncle who got in a car accident and now he is blind. I hope someday doctors can help all those who are blind to be able to see.
I guessed that a person could not see the blood vessels in the back of their own eyes.
EXPERIMENT
My experiment was not about the tiny blood vessels that you can easily see on the surface of the eye. It's to do with the larger vessels
All I had to do was take a person into a dark room with my flashlight. I had them cover their left eye and look down at the floor with their right eye. I held the flashlight up towards the ceiling under their right eye, but they kept looking at the floor, not the light.
RESULTS
I am writing down what everyone recorded for me. I am first:
JOSH: I could see black blood vessels with orange in the background...it
looked like a lot of dead tree.
Page 2
BRENDA: The blood vessels resembled jagged lighting bolts or trees in the winter time.
LAURA: I saw crooked lines that didn't stand still, but kept changing.
DARWIN: The image appeared to be in front of the body and quite enlarged. I found that it takes practice to see this.
BRYAN: Sometimes your eye gets tired before you can successfully do this, so you may have to use the other eye or take a rest and try it again.
MATT: I saw black lines that branched out and kept moving. I also saw orange and red colors along with the black lines.
JOSH (second time): Sometimes if you suddenly change the direction of your eyes from left to right, you will see very bright blood vessels for just a second.
CONCLUSION:
I found out that you can see the vessels in the back of the eye without using the doctor's instrument.
I was glad to know that this is possible.
Have you ever seen a doctor look into a patient's eye with an instrument called an "ophthalmoscope"? The instrument lights up the inside of the eye and magnifies the vessels of the retina in the rear of the eye.
This gives the doctor an idea about how healthy you are as he looks at all the vessels in the back of your eye.
HYPOTHESIS
I wanted to know if a person could see the blood vessels in the back of their own eye without using the instrument that the doctor uses in the eye exam.
I am really interested in eyes because I have an uncle who got in a car accident and now he is blind. I hope someday doctors can help all those who are blind to be able to see.
I guessed that a person could not see the blood vessels in the back of their own eyes.
EXPERIMENT
My experiment was not about the tiny blood vessels that you can easily see on the surface of the eye. It's to do with the larger vessels
All I had to do was take a person into a dark room with my flashlight. I had them cover their left eye and look down at the floor with their right eye. I held the flashlight up towards the ceiling under their right eye, but they kept looking at the floor, not the light.
RESULTS
I am writing down what everyone recorded for me. I am first:
JOSH: I could see black blood vessels with orange in the background...it
looked like a lot of dead tree.
Page 2
BRENDA: The blood vessels resembled jagged lighting bolts or trees in the winter time.
LAURA: I saw crooked lines that didn't stand still, but kept changing.
DARWIN: The image appeared to be in front of the body and quite enlarged. I found that it takes practice to see this.
BRYAN: Sometimes your eye gets tired before you can successfully do this, so you may have to use the other eye or take a rest and try it again.
MATT: I saw black lines that branched out and kept moving. I also saw orange and red colors along with the black lines.
JOSH (second time): Sometimes if you suddenly change the direction of your eyes from left to right, you will see very bright blood vessels for just a second.
CONCLUSION:
I found out that you can see the vessels in the back of the eye without using the doctor's instrument.
I was glad to know that this is possible.
Page 1
Have you ever seen a doctor look into a patient's eye with an instrument called an "ophthalmoscope"? The instrument lights up the inside of the eye and magnifies the vessels of the retina in the rear of the eye.
This gives the doctor an idea about how healthy you are as he looks at all the vessels in the back of your eye.
HYPOTHESIS
I wanted to know if a person could see the blood vessels in the back of their own eye without using the instrument that the doctor uses in the eye exam.
I am really interested in eyes because I have an uncle who got in a car accident and now he is blind. I hope someday doctors can help all those who are blind to be able to see.
I guessed that a person could not see the blood vessels in the back of their own eyes.
EXPERIMENT
My experiment was not about the tiny blood vessels that you can easily see on the surface of the eye. It's to do with the larger vessels
All I had to do was take a person into a dark room with my flashlight. I had them cover their left eye and look down at the floor with their right eye. I held the flashlight up towards the ceiling under their right eye, but they kept looking at the floor, not the light.
RESULTS
I am writing down what everyone recorded for me. I am first:
JOSH: I could see black blood vessels with orange in the background...it
looked like a lot of dead tree.
Page 2
BRENDA: The blood vessels resembled jagged lighting bolts or trees in the winter time.
LAURA: I saw crooked lines that didn't stand still, but kept changing.
DARWIN: The image appeared to be in front of the body and quite enlarged. I found that it takes practice to see this.
BRYAN: Sometimes your eye gets tired before you can successfully do this, so you may have to use the other eye or take a rest and try it again.
MATT: I saw black lines that branched out and kept moving. I also saw orange and red colors along with the black lines.
JOSH (second time): Sometimes if you suddenly change the direction of your eyes from left to right, you will see very bright blood vessels for just a second.
CONCLUSION:
I found out that you can see the vessels in the back of the eye without using the doctor's instrument.
I was glad to know that this is possible.
Page 1
Have you ever seen a doctor look into a patient's eye with an instrument called an "ophthalmoscope"? The instrument lights up the inside of the eye and magnifies the vessels of the retina in the rear of the eye.
This gives the doctor an idea about how healthy you are as he looks at all the vessels in the back of your eye.
HYPOTHESIS
I wanted to know if a person could see the blood vessels in the back of their own eye without using the instrument that the doctor uses in the eye exam.
I am really interested in eyes because I have an uncle who got in a car accident and now he is blind. I hope someday doctors can help all those who are blind to be able to see.
I guessed that a person could not see the blood vessels in the back of their own eyes.
EXPERIMENT
My experiment was not about the tiny blood vessels that you can easily see on the surface of the eye. It's to do with the larger vessels
All I had to do was take a person into a dark room with my flashlight. I had them cover their left eye and look down at the floor with their right eye. I held the flashlight up towards the ceiling under their right eye, but they kept looking at the floor, not the light.
RESULTS
I am writing down what everyone recorded for me. I am first:
JOSH: I could see black blood vessels with orange in the background...it
looked like a lot of dead tree.
Page 2
BRENDA: The blood vessels resembled jagged lighting bolts or trees in the winter time.
LAURA: I saw crooked lines that didn't stand still, but kept changing.
DARWIN: The image appeared to be in front of the body and quite enlarged. I found that it takes practice to see this.
BRYAN: Sometimes your eye gets tired before you can successfully do this, so you may have to use the other eye or take a rest and try it again.
MATT: I saw black lines that branched out and kept moving. I also saw orange and red colors along with the black lines.
JOSH (second time): Sometimes if you suddenly change the direction of your eyes from left to right, you will see very bright blood vessels for just a second.
CONCLUSION:
I found out that you can see the vessels in the back of the eye without using the doctor's instrument.
I was glad to know that this is possible.
Richard W Sears and Sears Roebuck & Company
Richard Warren Sears and Sears, Roebuck, & Company
Richard Warren Sears was born on December 7, 1863, in Stewartville, Minnesota. He was the son of James Warren and
Eliza A. Sears, both of English ancestory. His father led anything but a happy life. He had failed in his quest for gold during the California Gold Rush of 1849 and was a bitter soldier in the Civil War, which he blamed on politicians. He had earned a sizable sum of money working as a blacksmith and a wagonmaker, but he lost it all in a stock-farm venture. Richard's father gave up soon afterwards, leaving Richard to be the family breadwinner at the age of 16.
Richard worked in the general offices of the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway in Minneapolis to support his family. He then decided to move Redwood Falls, Minnesota, where he thought that he could earn more money because of the small town setting. There he worked as a station attendant, doing chores for his board and sleeping in the loft of the railroad station. In his spare time, he learned how the mail-order business worked.
Richard got his opportunity to get into the mail-order business in 1886 when a shipment of watches from a Chicago wholesaler was refused by a town jeweler. Therefore, the shipment sat in the railroad station until Richard contacted the wholesaler, who offered him the watches for twelve dollars each. He bought the watches and sold them by sending letters to other station attendants describing the watches and offering them at the discount price of fourteen dollars each. He sold those watches and ordered more to sell. To sell these he advertised in a small way in St. Paul newspapers. He made a large profit from this operation.
In a few months Richard made such a profit that he abandoned the railroad business entirely and started his own mail-order business under the name of the R.W. Sears Watch Company. In one year he made so much money that he was able to begin advertising in magazines with a national circulation and move the business to Chicago.
On March 1, 1887, he set up a shop on Dearborn Street in Chicago with a staff of three people, one to handle bookkeeping and
correspondence and two stenographers. Soon after the opening of his new shop, he found a need for a watchmaker to repair watches returned by customers. This watchmaker was a young man by the name of Alvah Curtis Roebuck from Hammond, Indiana.
Richard Sears became even more successful by opening up the huge rural market. His advertising was aimed at the farmer, who was independent and stayed away from big companies. He portrayed himself to them as a fellow independent businessman, and was able to prove it by his low prices and his willingness to send watches on approval for just the payment of a deposit.
He was also able to succeed with farmers because he remembered life in small towns with great affection. Although he enjoyed his commercial success, he longed for the laid-back, small town way of life. In 1889, Richard sold the R.W. Sears Watch Company for $72,000 and moved to Iowa to enjoy the small town life.
Richard Sears would soon bore of his new life and decided to start a new company with his old business partner A.C. Roebuck. This new business was about the same as the previous one. It was a mail-order operation selling watches and jewelry under the name of A.C. Roebuck and Company. This new business was even more successful than the first, mostly because of its low prices and guarantee of satisfaction.
In September 1893, A.C. Roebuck and Company changed its name to Sears, Roebuck, and Company, the same name it carries today. Soon after, they moved the company to Chicago, where they could fill orders more easily to their major markets in Pennsylvania, Georgia, Texas, and Iowa.
Later that year the first of the Sears catalogs that have become so familiar was made. The catalog was the key to the success of Sears. It used simple, direct language that spoke to the nation's farmers. The catolog would claim that the goods featured inside were "the best in the world".
The stress of this rapidly growing business was too much for Alvah Roebuck. Richard Sears would take several financial gambles that would eventually make the company prosper but would cause Roebuck to become uncomfortable. In August 1895 Roebuck sold his
one-third interest to Sears for $25,000.
Although Roebuck decided to seek a quieter life, Sears had no intention of doing any such thing. He married Anna Lydia Meckstroth that year. She later gave Sears two sons and two daughters. His marriage and his growing family were all he needed to drive him to keep building his company.
Soon after the departure of Roebuck, Sears sold seven hundred shares of his company. Julius Rosenwald, a successful merchant of men's suits who had done business with Sears in the past, and Aaron Nausbaum, who had been in business selling pneumatic tube systems, each purchased 350 shares. Sears would later sell 150 more shares of his company to each, giving the three each 500 shares.
Although the introduction of Rosenwald and Nausbaum did bring badly needed managerial skills to the company, it caused some problems. Nausbaum lacked the human touch which was so important to Sears. He was rough on the people who worked for the company, not hesitating to furlough them when he needed their paychecks to meet overdue bills. There was an obvious personality clash between the two which led to Sears and Rosenwald buying out Nausbaum's interest in the company for $1.25 million.
Sears continued to prosper in rural markets, including the rapidly growing western frontier. This is because farmers in the West found the prices of merchandise too high at their local general store, whose prices were inflated due to several middlemen each taking a share as the goods moved from the manufacturer. Sears, on the other hand, was able to offer its goods at a lower price because he was the only middleman taking a share.
This utterly amazing growth caused problems for the company. The company would need more space and more markets to continue its growth. This also meant that the company would need more capital. This led to Rosenwald offering its stock to the public as a way to raise capital. In August 1906 some $9 million in preferred stock was offered. With the booming stock market, the public bought the stock eagerly.
While Rosenwald was putting their financial house in order, Sears had opened the company's first branch mail-order plant. This plant was built in Dallas. The branch mail-order plant meant that the company could save money by ordering from local suppliers and avoiding considerable freight cost.
Sears and Rosenwald began to disagree on the path the company should take. This disagreement became even bigger during the depression of 1907, when the companies profits dropped by nearly a half million dollars, the first such drop in company history. Sears wanted to increase advertising in order to increase sales while Rosenwald wished to trim expenses to weather the financial woes. Because Sears was in Europe at the time, Rosenwald's approach to the depression was taken.
After the depression was over, Rosenwald's approach had proven to be best. Sales remained steady and profits grew. This was enough to make Sears relize that times had changed since he started his company. Shortly afterwards, Sears resigned as president of the company and gave the position to Rosenwald. He then assumed the position of chairman of the board, but resigned that position too soon afterwards.
Richard Warren Sears died on September 28, 1914, in Waukesha,
Wisconsin, at the age of 50. During his life, Sears succeeded in a big way, having built a company which has become an American institution.
Richard Warren Sears was born on December 7, 1863, in Stewartville, Minnesota. He was the son of James Warren and
Eliza A. Sears, both of English ancestory. His father led anything but a happy life. He had failed in his quest for gold during the California Gold Rush of 1849 and was a bitter soldier in the Civil War, which he blamed on politicians. He had earned a sizable sum of money working as a blacksmith and a wagonmaker, but he lost it all in a stock-farm venture. Richard's father gave up soon afterwards, leaving Richard to be the family breadwinner at the age of 16.
Richard worked in the general offices of the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway in Minneapolis to support his family. He then decided to move Redwood Falls, Minnesota, where he thought that he could earn more money because of the small town setting. There he worked as a station attendant, doing chores for his board and sleeping in the loft of the railroad station. In his spare time, he learned how the mail-order business worked.
Richard got his opportunity to get into the mail-order business in 1886 when a shipment of watches from a Chicago wholesaler was refused by a town jeweler. Therefore, the shipment sat in the railroad station until Richard contacted the wholesaler, who offered him the watches for twelve dollars each. He bought the watches and sold them by sending letters to other station attendants describing the watches and offering them at the discount price of fourteen dollars each. He sold those watches and ordered more to sell. To sell these he advertised in a small way in St. Paul newspapers. He made a large profit from this operation.
In a few months Richard made such a profit that he abandoned the railroad business entirely and started his own mail-order business under the name of the R.W. Sears Watch Company. In one year he made so much money that he was able to begin advertising in magazines with a national circulation and move the business to Chicago.
On March 1, 1887, he set up a shop on Dearborn Street in Chicago with a staff of three people, one to handle bookkeeping and
correspondence and two stenographers. Soon after the opening of his new shop, he found a need for a watchmaker to repair watches returned by customers. This watchmaker was a young man by the name of Alvah Curtis Roebuck from Hammond, Indiana.
Richard Sears became even more successful by opening up the huge rural market. His advertising was aimed at the farmer, who was independent and stayed away from big companies. He portrayed himself to them as a fellow independent businessman, and was able to prove it by his low prices and his willingness to send watches on approval for just the payment of a deposit.
He was also able to succeed with farmers because he remembered life in small towns with great affection. Although he enjoyed his commercial success, he longed for the laid-back, small town way of life. In 1889, Richard sold the R.W. Sears Watch Company for $72,000 and moved to Iowa to enjoy the small town life.
Richard Sears would soon bore of his new life and decided to start a new company with his old business partner A.C. Roebuck. This new business was about the same as the previous one. It was a mail-order operation selling watches and jewelry under the name of A.C. Roebuck and Company. This new business was even more successful than the first, mostly because of its low prices and guarantee of satisfaction.
In September 1893, A.C. Roebuck and Company changed its name to Sears, Roebuck, and Company, the same name it carries today. Soon after, they moved the company to Chicago, where they could fill orders more easily to their major markets in Pennsylvania, Georgia, Texas, and Iowa.
Later that year the first of the Sears catalogs that have become so familiar was made. The catalog was the key to the success of Sears. It used simple, direct language that spoke to the nation's farmers. The catolog would claim that the goods featured inside were "the best in the world".
The stress of this rapidly growing business was too much for Alvah Roebuck. Richard Sears would take several financial gambles that would eventually make the company prosper but would cause Roebuck to become uncomfortable. In August 1895 Roebuck sold his
one-third interest to Sears for $25,000.
Although Roebuck decided to seek a quieter life, Sears had no intention of doing any such thing. He married Anna Lydia Meckstroth that year. She later gave Sears two sons and two daughters. His marriage and his growing family were all he needed to drive him to keep building his company.
Soon after the departure of Roebuck, Sears sold seven hundred shares of his company. Julius Rosenwald, a successful merchant of men's suits who had done business with Sears in the past, and Aaron Nausbaum, who had been in business selling pneumatic tube systems, each purchased 350 shares. Sears would later sell 150 more shares of his company to each, giving the three each 500 shares.
Although the introduction of Rosenwald and Nausbaum did bring badly needed managerial skills to the company, it caused some problems. Nausbaum lacked the human touch which was so important to Sears. He was rough on the people who worked for the company, not hesitating to furlough them when he needed their paychecks to meet overdue bills. There was an obvious personality clash between the two which led to Sears and Rosenwald buying out Nausbaum's interest in the company for $1.25 million.
Sears continued to prosper in rural markets, including the rapidly growing western frontier. This is because farmers in the West found the prices of merchandise too high at their local general store, whose prices were inflated due to several middlemen each taking a share as the goods moved from the manufacturer. Sears, on the other hand, was able to offer its goods at a lower price because he was the only middleman taking a share.
This utterly amazing growth caused problems for the company. The company would need more space and more markets to continue its growth. This also meant that the company would need more capital. This led to Rosenwald offering its stock to the public as a way to raise capital. In August 1906 some $9 million in preferred stock was offered. With the booming stock market, the public bought the stock eagerly.
While Rosenwald was putting their financial house in order, Sears had opened the company's first branch mail-order plant. This plant was built in Dallas. The branch mail-order plant meant that the company could save money by ordering from local suppliers and avoiding considerable freight cost.
Sears and Rosenwald began to disagree on the path the company should take. This disagreement became even bigger during the depression of 1907, when the companies profits dropped by nearly a half million dollars, the first such drop in company history. Sears wanted to increase advertising in order to increase sales while Rosenwald wished to trim expenses to weather the financial woes. Because Sears was in Europe at the time, Rosenwald's approach to the depression was taken.
After the depression was over, Rosenwald's approach had proven to be best. Sales remained steady and profits grew. This was enough to make Sears relize that times had changed since he started his company. Shortly afterwards, Sears resigned as president of the company and gave the position to Rosenwald. He then assumed the position of chairman of the board, but resigned that position too soon afterwards.
Richard Warren Sears died on September 28, 1914, in Waukesha,
Wisconsin, at the age of 50. During his life, Sears succeeded in a big way, having built a company which has become an American institution.
Ray Bradbury
Ray Bradbury
Ray Bradbury
Ray Bradbury was a dreamer. Bradbury had a skill at putting his dreams onto paper, and
into books. He dreams dreams of magic and transformation, good and evil, small-town America
and the canals of Mars. His dreams are not only popular, but durable. His work consists of short
stories, which are not hard to publish, and keep in the public eye. His stories have stayed in print
for nearly three decades.
Ray Bradbury was born on August 22, 1920, in a small town of Waukegan, Illinois. His
parents were Leonard Spaulding and Esther Moberg Bradbury. His mother, Esther Moberg loved
films, she gave her son the middle name Douglas because of Douglas Fairbanks, and she passed
her love of films to her son. "My mother took me to see everything....." Bradbury explains, "I'm a
child of motion pictures." Prophetically, the first film he saw, at the age of three, was the horror
classic "The Hunchback of Notre Dame", staring Lon Chanley. His teenage Aunt Neva gave the
boy his appreciation of fantasy, by reading him the Oz books, when he was six. When Bradbury
was a child he was encouraged to read the classic, Norse, Roman, and Greek Myths. When he was
old enough to choose his own reading materials, he chose books by Edger Rice Burroughs and the
comic book heroes Flash Gordon, Buck Rogers, and Prince Valiant. When Bradbury was in
Waukegan he developed his interest in acting and Drama. After seeing a magician, known as
Blackstone, he became fascinated with magic also.
In 1932, his family moved to Tucson Arizona. With his talents he learned in Waukegan
(amateur magician) he got a job at the local radio station. "I was on the radio every Saturday night
reading comic strips to the kiddies and being paid in free tickets, to the local cinema, where I saw
'The Mummy', 'The Murders in the Wax Museum', 'Dracula', .....and 'King Kong'." His family only
stayed in Tuscan for a year, but Bradbury feels: "It was one of the greatest years of my life
because I was acting and singing in operettas and writing, my first short stories."
In 1934 his family moved to Los Angeles, where Bradbury has remained. He attended Los
Angeles High School, where he wrote and took part in many dramatic productions. His literary
tastes were broadened to include Thomas Wolfe and Ernest Hemingway when he took a creative
writing course. In 1938 Los Angeles High School yearbook, the following prediction appeared
beneath his picture:
Likes to write stories
Admired as a thespian
Headed for literary distinction
After graduation Bradbury sold newspapers until he saved up enough money to buy a
typewriter and rent a small office. In the early 1940's his stories appeared regularly in Weird
Tales. "I sold a story every month there for three or four years when I was (in my early twenties).
Made the magnificent sum of twenty dollars for each story." Bradbury sold his first stories in 1945
to "slick" magazines - Collier's, Charm, and Mademoiselle.
Shortly after his marriage to Marguerite Susan McClure in 1947, Bradbury's first book,
Dark Carnival, was published by Arkham House. About this time, the idea for an important book
about Mars, a collection of loosely connected stories, came to Bradbury.
The subjects that engage Bradbury's pen are many: magic, horror, and monsters; rockets,
robots, time and space travel; growing up in the Midwest town in the 1920's, and growing old in
an abandoned Earth colony on another planet. Despite their themes, his stories contain a sense of
wonder, often a sense of joy, and a lyrical and rhythimic touch that sets his work apart.
Using an analytical approach to such stories is to do a kind of violence to them, but
between the dream and the finished story is a considerable amount of craftsmanship. The illustration
of that craftsmanship, along with some clarification of the writer's themes, hopefully will enrich the
reader's understanding and appreciation of one of the major artists in his feild.
The approach here is topical: the various collections of Bradbury's stories have been "taken
apart", and the stories regrouped and compared with another in terms of elements and common
themes.
Generally speaking, Bradbury's handling of a given theme in am early story is essentially
the same. That is, his themes do not display a growth in emotional depth or logical complexity as
time goes on. Instead, Bradbury treats his themes in what might be called a Baroque manner -
changing the orientation, emotional tone, or relative prominence of the theme from story to story.
In a way, this is like the variations on a theme in music. For example, "The Next Line" and "The
Life Work of Jaun Diaz" both center around the mummies in the cemetery at Guanajauto in
Mexico. The former is a horror story as well as a psychological study of a marital relationship. The
latter describes a very different marital relationship and concludes on a note of whimsical irony.
Both stories may be compared in terms of the mummies or in larger context of Bradbury's visit to
Mexico in 1945. But little understanding is added from a critical standpoint in knowing that "The
Next in Line" was published in 1947 and "The Life Work of Jaun Diaz" in 1963. For the purpose
of this study, then, the order in which the stories were written or published has been largely
ignored. Readers wishing to pursue a chronological study of a given topic or topics will want
to consult the helpful chronolgy complied by William F. Nolan for the 1973 Doubleday & Co.,
Inc. education of The Martian Chronicles.
As a partical matter, consideration here is limited primarily to fiction available to the
general reader. Though this qualification includes the vast bulk of Bradbury's output, certain
stories not included in the major collections, as well as Bradbury's nonfiction, are either not
mentioned at all or briefly mentioned where relevant. Bradbury's poetry, screenplays, plays, and
children's books are touched upon elsewhere.
I have referred above to Bradbury being one of the major artists in his feild. It should be
understood at the outset that there is a considerable amount of confusion as to just what this feild
is. The demands of the commercial marketplace and the need to confine a popular writer and his
within an easy recognizable image have resulted in Bradbury's being jammed uncomfortably into
a box labeled "Science Fiction". No definition of science fiction exists that pleases everybody, and
even if it did, to apply it casually to the work of Ray Brabdbury would be inaccurate and unfair.
H.G. Wells, whom many regard as a classical science fiction writer, had this to say about his own
novels "They are all fantasies; they do not aim to project a serious possibility; they aim indeed only
at the amount of conviction as one gets in a good gripping dream. They have to hold the reader to
the end by art and illusion and not by proof and argument, and the moment he closes the cover
the reflects he wakes up to their impossibility." Wells here is contrasting his stories with those of
Jules Verne, wich he calls, 'anticipatory inventions." Viewed this way, virtually all of Bradbury's
stories are fantasies, with Wells's concept of the "good gripping dream" coming closest to
describing their effect. Even today Ray Bradbury's place in literature is not clear.
Ray Bradbury
Ray Bradbury was a dreamer. Bradbury had a skill at putting his dreams onto paper, and
into books. He dreams dreams of magic and transformation, good and evil, small-town America
and the canals of Mars. His dreams are not only popular, but durable. His work consists of short
stories, which are not hard to publish, and keep in the public eye. His stories have stayed in print
for nearly three decades.
Ray Bradbury was born on August 22, 1920, in a small town of Waukegan, Illinois. His
parents were Leonard Spaulding and Esther Moberg Bradbury. His mother, Esther Moberg loved
films, she gave her son the middle name Douglas because of Douglas Fairbanks, and she passed
her love of films to her son. "My mother took me to see everything....." Bradbury explains, "I'm a
child of motion pictures." Prophetically, the first film he saw, at the age of three, was the horror
classic "The Hunchback of Notre Dame", staring Lon Chanley. His teenage Aunt Neva gave the
boy his appreciation of fantasy, by reading him the Oz books, when he was six. When Bradbury
was a child he was encouraged to read the classic, Norse, Roman, and Greek Myths. When he was
old enough to choose his own reading materials, he chose books by Edger Rice Burroughs and the
comic book heroes Flash Gordon, Buck Rogers, and Prince Valiant. When Bradbury was in
Waukegan he developed his interest in acting and Drama. After seeing a magician, known as
Blackstone, he became fascinated with magic also.
In 1932, his family moved to Tucson Arizona. With his talents he learned in Waukegan
(amateur magician) he got a job at the local radio station. "I was on the radio every Saturday night
reading comic strips to the kiddies and being paid in free tickets, to the local cinema, where I saw
'The Mummy', 'The Murders in the Wax Museum', 'Dracula', .....and 'King Kong'." His family only
stayed in Tuscan for a year, but Bradbury feels: "It was one of the greatest years of my life
because I was acting and singing in operettas and writing, my first short stories."
In 1934 his family moved to Los Angeles, where Bradbury has remained. He attended Los
Angeles High School, where he wrote and took part in many dramatic productions. His literary
tastes were broadened to include Thomas Wolfe and Ernest Hemingway when he took a creative
writing course. In 1938 Los Angeles High School yearbook, the following prediction appeared
beneath his picture:
Likes to write stories
Admired as a thespian
Headed for literary distinction
After graduation Bradbury sold newspapers until he saved up enough money to buy a
typewriter and rent a small office. In the early 1940's his stories appeared regularly in Weird
Tales. "I sold a story every month there for three or four years when I was (in my early twenties).
Made the magnificent sum of twenty dollars for each story." Bradbury sold his first stories in 1945
to "slick" magazines - Collier's, Charm, and Mademoiselle.
Shortly after his marriage to Marguerite Susan McClure in 1947, Bradbury's first book,
Dark Carnival, was published by Arkham House. About this time, the idea for an important book
about Mars, a collection of loosely connected stories, came to Bradbury.
The subjects that engage Bradbury's pen are many: magic, horror, and monsters; rockets,
robots, time and space travel; growing up in the Midwest town in the 1920's, and growing old in
an abandoned Earth colony on another planet. Despite their themes, his stories contain a sense of
wonder, often a sense of joy, and a lyrical and rhythimic touch that sets his work apart.
Using an analytical approach to such stories is to do a kind of violence to them, but
between the dream and the finished story is a considerable amount of craftsmanship. The illustration
of that craftsmanship, along with some clarification of the writer's themes, hopefully will enrich the
reader's understanding and appreciation of one of the major artists in his feild.
The approach here is topical: the various collections of Bradbury's stories have been "taken
apart", and the stories regrouped and compared with another in terms of elements and common
themes.
Generally speaking, Bradbury's handling of a given theme in am early story is essentially
the same. That is, his themes do not display a growth in emotional depth or logical complexity as
time goes on. Instead, Bradbury treats his themes in what might be called a Baroque manner -
changing the orientation, emotional tone, or relative prominence of the theme from story to story.
In a way, this is like the variations on a theme in music. For example, "The Next Line" and "The
Life Work of Jaun Diaz" both center around the mummies in the cemetery at Guanajauto in
Mexico. The former is a horror story as well as a psychological study of a marital relationship. The
latter describes a very different marital relationship and concludes on a note of whimsical irony.
Both stories may be compared in terms of the mummies or in larger context of Bradbury's visit to
Mexico in 1945. But little understanding is added from a critical standpoint in knowing that "The
Next in Line" was published in 1947 and "The Life Work of Jaun Diaz" in 1963. For the purpose
of this study, then, the order in which the stories were written or published has been largely
ignored. Readers wishing to pursue a chronological study of a given topic or topics will want
to consult the helpful chronolgy complied by William F. Nolan for the 1973 Doubleday & Co.,
Inc. education of The Martian Chronicles.
As a partical matter, consideration here is limited primarily to fiction available to the
general reader. Though this qualification includes the vast bulk of Bradbury's output, certain
stories not included in the major collections, as well as Bradbury's nonfiction, are either not
mentioned at all or briefly mentioned where relevant. Bradbury's poetry, screenplays, plays, and
children's books are touched upon elsewhere.
I have referred above to Bradbury being one of the major artists in his feild. It should be
understood at the outset that there is a considerable amount of confusion as to just what this feild
is. The demands of the commercial marketplace and the need to confine a popular writer and his
within an easy recognizable image have resulted in Bradbury's being jammed uncomfortably into
a box labeled "Science Fiction". No definition of science fiction exists that pleases everybody, and
even if it did, to apply it casually to the work of Ray Brabdbury would be inaccurate and unfair.
H.G. Wells, whom many regard as a classical science fiction writer, had this to say about his own
novels "They are all fantasies; they do not aim to project a serious possibility; they aim indeed only
at the amount of conviction as one gets in a good gripping dream. They have to hold the reader to
the end by art and illusion and not by proof and argument, and the moment he closes the cover
the reflects he wakes up to their impossibility." Wells here is contrasting his stories with those of
Jules Verne, wich he calls, 'anticipatory inventions." Viewed this way, virtually all of Bradbury's
stories are fantasies, with Wells's concept of the "good gripping dream" coming closest to
describing their effect. Even today Ray Bradbury's place in literature is not clear.
Ray Bradbury 4
Ray Bradbury
Ray Bradbury
Ray Bradbury was a dreamer. Bradbury had a skill at putting his dreams onto paper, and
into books. He dreams dreams of magic and transformation, good and evil, small-town America
and the canals of Mars. His dreams are not only popular, but durable. His work consists of short
stories, which are not hard to publish, and keep in the public eye. His stories have stayed in print
for nearly three decades.
Ray Bradbury was born on August 22, 1920, in a small town of Waukegan, Illinois. His
parents were Leonard Spaulding and Esther Moberg Bradbury. His mother, Esther Moberg loved
films, she gave her son the middle name Douglas because of Douglas Fairbanks, and she passed
her love of films to her son. "My mother took me to see everything....." Bradbury explains, "I'm a
child of motion pictures." Prophetically, the first film he saw, at the age of three, was the horror
classic "The Hunchback of Notre Dame", staring Lon Chanley. His teenage Aunt Neva gave the
boy his appreciation of fantasy, by reading him the Oz books, when he was six. When Bradbury
was a child he was encouraged to read the classic, Norse, Roman, and Greek Myths. When he was
old enough to choose his own reading materials, he chose books by Edger Rice Burroughs and the
comic book heroes Flash Gordon, Buck Rogers, and Prince Valiant. When Bradbury was in
Waukegan he developed his interest in acting and Drama. After seeing a magician, known as
Blackstone, he became fascinated with magic also.
In 1932, his family moved to Tucson Arizona. With his talents he learned in Waukegan
(amateur magician) he got a job at the local radio station. "I was on the radio every Saturday night
reading comic strips to the kiddies and being paid in free tickets, to the local cinema, where I saw
'The Mummy', 'The Murders in the Wax Museum', 'Dracula', .....and 'King Kong'." His family only
stayed in Tuscan for a year, but Bradbury feels: "It was one of the greatest years of my life
because I was acting and singing in operettas and writing, my first short stories."
In 1934 his family moved to Los Angeles, where Bradbury has remained. He attended Los
Angeles High School, where he wrote and took part in many dramatic productions. His literary
tastes were broadened to include Thomas Wolfe and Ernest Hemingway when he took a creative
writing course. In 1938 Los Angeles High School yearbook, the following prediction appeared
beneath his picture:
Likes to write stories
Admired as a thespian
Headed for literary distinction
After graduation Bradbury sold newspapers until he saved up enough money to buy a
typewriter and rent a small office. In the early 1940's his stories appeared regularly in Weird
Tales. "I sold a story every month there for three or four years when I was (in my early twenties).
Made the magnificent sum of twenty dollars for each story." Bradbury sold his first stories in 1945
to "slick" magazines - Collier's, Charm, and Mademoiselle.
Shortly after his marriage to Marguerite Susan McClure in 1947, Bradbury's first book,
Dark Carnival, was published by Arkham House. About this time, the idea for an important book
about Mars, a collection of loosely connected stories, came to Bradbury.
The subjects that engage Bradbury's pen are many: magic, horror, and monsters; rockets,
robots, time and space travel; growing up in the Midwest town in the 1920's, and growing old in
an abandoned Earth colony on another planet. Despite their themes, his stories contain a sense of
wonder, often a sense of joy, and a lyrical and rhythimic touch that sets his work apart.
Using an analytical approach to such stories is to do a kind of violence to them, but
between the dream and the finished story is a considerable amount of craftsmanship. The illustration
of that craftsmanship, along with some clarification of the writer's themes, hopefully will enrich the
reader's understanding and appreciation of one of the major artists in his feild.
The approach here is topical: the various collections of Bradbury's stories have been "taken
apart", and the stories regrouped and compared with another in terms of elements and common
themes.
Generally speaking, Bradbury's handling of a given theme in am early story is essentially
the same. That is, his themes do not display a growth in emotional depth or logical complexity as
time goes on. Instead, Bradbury treats his themes in what might be called a Baroque manner -
changing the orientation, emotional tone, or relative prominence of the theme from story to story.
In a way, this is like the variations on a theme in music. For example, "The Next Line" and "The
Life Work of Jaun Diaz" both center around the mummies in the cemetery at Guanajauto in
Mexico. The former is a horror story as well as a psychological study of a marital relationship. The
latter describes a very different marital relationship and concludes on a note of whimsical irony.
Both stories may be compared in terms of the mummies or in larger context of Bradbury's visit to
Mexico in 1945. But little understanding is added from a critical standpoint in knowing that "The
Next in Line" was published in 1947 and "The Life Work of Jaun Diaz" in 1963. For the purpose
of this study, then, the order in which the stories were written or published has been largely
ignored. Readers wishing to pursue a chronological study of a given topic or topics will want
to consult the helpful chronolgy complied by William F. Nolan for the 1973 Doubleday & Co.,
Inc. education of The Martian Chronicles.
As a partical matter, consideration here is limited primarily to fiction available to the
general reader. Though this qualification includes the vast bulk of Bradbury's output, certain
stories not included in the major collections, as well as Bradbury's nonfiction, are either not
mentioned at all or briefly mentioned where relevant. Bradbury's poetry, screenplays, plays, and
children's books are touched upon elsewhere.
I have referred above to Bradbury being one of the major artists in his feild. It should be
understood at the outset that there is a considerable amount of confusion as to just what this feild
is. The demands of the commercial marketplace and the need to confine a popular writer and his
within an easy recognizable image have resulted in Bradbury's being jammed uncomfortably into
a box labeled "Science Fiction". No definition of science fiction exists that pleases everybody, and
even if it did, to apply it casually to the work of Ray Brabdbury would be inaccurate and unfair.
H.G. Wells, whom many regard as a classical science fiction writer, had this to say about his own
novels "They are all fantasies; they do not aim to project a serious possibility; they aim indeed only
at the amount of conviction as one gets in a good gripping dream. They have to hold the reader to
the end by art and illusion and not by proof and argument, and the moment he closes the cover
the reflects he wakes up to their impossibility." Wells here is contrasting his stories with those of
Jules Verne, wich he calls, 'anticipatory inventions." Viewed this way, virtually all of Bradbury's
stories are fantasies, with Wells's concept of the "good gripping dream" coming closest to
describing their effect. Even today Ray Bradbury's place in literature is not clear.
Ray Bradbury
Ray Bradbury was a dreamer. Bradbury had a skill at putting his dreams onto paper, and
into books. He dreams dreams of magic and transformation, good and evil, small-town America
and the canals of Mars. His dreams are not only popular, but durable. His work consists of short
stories, which are not hard to publish, and keep in the public eye. His stories have stayed in print
for nearly three decades.
Ray Bradbury was born on August 22, 1920, in a small town of Waukegan, Illinois. His
parents were Leonard Spaulding and Esther Moberg Bradbury. His mother, Esther Moberg loved
films, she gave her son the middle name Douglas because of Douglas Fairbanks, and she passed
her love of films to her son. "My mother took me to see everything....." Bradbury explains, "I'm a
child of motion pictures." Prophetically, the first film he saw, at the age of three, was the horror
classic "The Hunchback of Notre Dame", staring Lon Chanley. His teenage Aunt Neva gave the
boy his appreciation of fantasy, by reading him the Oz books, when he was six. When Bradbury
was a child he was encouraged to read the classic, Norse, Roman, and Greek Myths. When he was
old enough to choose his own reading materials, he chose books by Edger Rice Burroughs and the
comic book heroes Flash Gordon, Buck Rogers, and Prince Valiant. When Bradbury was in
Waukegan he developed his interest in acting and Drama. After seeing a magician, known as
Blackstone, he became fascinated with magic also.
In 1932, his family moved to Tucson Arizona. With his talents he learned in Waukegan
(amateur magician) he got a job at the local radio station. "I was on the radio every Saturday night
reading comic strips to the kiddies and being paid in free tickets, to the local cinema, where I saw
'The Mummy', 'The Murders in the Wax Museum', 'Dracula', .....and 'King Kong'." His family only
stayed in Tuscan for a year, but Bradbury feels: "It was one of the greatest years of my life
because I was acting and singing in operettas and writing, my first short stories."
In 1934 his family moved to Los Angeles, where Bradbury has remained. He attended Los
Angeles High School, where he wrote and took part in many dramatic productions. His literary
tastes were broadened to include Thomas Wolfe and Ernest Hemingway when he took a creative
writing course. In 1938 Los Angeles High School yearbook, the following prediction appeared
beneath his picture:
Likes to write stories
Admired as a thespian
Headed for literary distinction
After graduation Bradbury sold newspapers until he saved up enough money to buy a
typewriter and rent a small office. In the early 1940's his stories appeared regularly in Weird
Tales. "I sold a story every month there for three or four years when I was (in my early twenties).
Made the magnificent sum of twenty dollars for each story." Bradbury sold his first stories in 1945
to "slick" magazines - Collier's, Charm, and Mademoiselle.
Shortly after his marriage to Marguerite Susan McClure in 1947, Bradbury's first book,
Dark Carnival, was published by Arkham House. About this time, the idea for an important book
about Mars, a collection of loosely connected stories, came to Bradbury.
The subjects that engage Bradbury's pen are many: magic, horror, and monsters; rockets,
robots, time and space travel; growing up in the Midwest town in the 1920's, and growing old in
an abandoned Earth colony on another planet. Despite their themes, his stories contain a sense of
wonder, often a sense of joy, and a lyrical and rhythimic touch that sets his work apart.
Using an analytical approach to such stories is to do a kind of violence to them, but
between the dream and the finished story is a considerable amount of craftsmanship. The illustration
of that craftsmanship, along with some clarification of the writer's themes, hopefully will enrich the
reader's understanding and appreciation of one of the major artists in his feild.
The approach here is topical: the various collections of Bradbury's stories have been "taken
apart", and the stories regrouped and compared with another in terms of elements and common
themes.
Generally speaking, Bradbury's handling of a given theme in am early story is essentially
the same. That is, his themes do not display a growth in emotional depth or logical complexity as
time goes on. Instead, Bradbury treats his themes in what might be called a Baroque manner -
changing the orientation, emotional tone, or relative prominence of the theme from story to story.
In a way, this is like the variations on a theme in music. For example, "The Next Line" and "The
Life Work of Jaun Diaz" both center around the mummies in the cemetery at Guanajauto in
Mexico. The former is a horror story as well as a psychological study of a marital relationship. The
latter describes a very different marital relationship and concludes on a note of whimsical irony.
Both stories may be compared in terms of the mummies or in larger context of Bradbury's visit to
Mexico in 1945. But little understanding is added from a critical standpoint in knowing that "The
Next in Line" was published in 1947 and "The Life Work of Jaun Diaz" in 1963. For the purpose
of this study, then, the order in which the stories were written or published has been largely
ignored. Readers wishing to pursue a chronological study of a given topic or topics will want
to consult the helpful chronolgy complied by William F. Nolan for the 1973 Doubleday & Co.,
Inc. education of The Martian Chronicles.
As a partical matter, consideration here is limited primarily to fiction available to the
general reader. Though this qualification includes the vast bulk of Bradbury's output, certain
stories not included in the major collections, as well as Bradbury's nonfiction, are either not
mentioned at all or briefly mentioned where relevant. Bradbury's poetry, screenplays, plays, and
children's books are touched upon elsewhere.
I have referred above to Bradbury being one of the major artists in his feild. It should be
understood at the outset that there is a considerable amount of confusion as to just what this feild
is. The demands of the commercial marketplace and the need to confine a popular writer and his
within an easy recognizable image have resulted in Bradbury's being jammed uncomfortably into
a box labeled "Science Fiction". No definition of science fiction exists that pleases everybody, and
even if it did, to apply it casually to the work of Ray Brabdbury would be inaccurate and unfair.
H.G. Wells, whom many regard as a classical science fiction writer, had this to say about his own
novels "They are all fantasies; they do not aim to project a serious possibility; they aim indeed only
at the amount of conviction as one gets in a good gripping dream. They have to hold the reader to
the end by art and illusion and not by proof and argument, and the moment he closes the cover
the reflects he wakes up to their impossibility." Wells here is contrasting his stories with those of
Jules Verne, wich he calls, 'anticipatory inventions." Viewed this way, virtually all of Bradbury's
stories are fantasies, with Wells's concept of the "good gripping dream" coming closest to
describing their effect. Even today Ray Bradbury's place in literature is not clear.
Nicholas Ferrar
Christian History 102
Nicholas Ferrar
Nicholas Ferrar was assumed to be born in 1592. I have found that his most probable birth
date was in February of 1593. This is due to the usual calendar confusion: England was
not at that time using the new calendar adopted in October 1582. It was 1593 according
to our modern calendar, but at the time the new year in England began on the following
March 25th.
Nicholas Ferrar was one of the more interesting figures in English history. His family was
quite wealthy and were heavily involved in the Virginia Company, which had a Royal
Charter for the plantation of Virginia. People like Sir Walter Raleigh were often visitors to
the family home in London. Ferrars' niece was named Virginia, the first known use of this
name. Ferrar studied at Cambridge and would have gone further with his studies but the damp air of the fens was bad for his health and he traveled to Europe, spending time in the warmer climate of Italy.
On his return to England he found his family had fared badly. His brother John had become over extended financially and the Virginia Company was in danger of loosing its charter. Nicholas dedicated himself to saving the family fortune and was successful. He served for a short time as Member of Parliament, where he tried to promote the cause for the Virginia Company. His efforts were in vain for the company lost their charter anyway.
Nicholas is given credit for founding a Christian community called the English Protestant Nunnery at Little Gidding in Huntingdonshire, England. After Ferrar was ordained as a deacon, he retired and started his little community. Ferrar was given help and support with his semi-religious community by John Collet, as well as Collet's wife and fourteen children. They devoted themselves to a life of prayer, fasting and almsgiving (Matthew 6:2,5,16).
The community was founded in 1626, when Nicholas was 34 years old. Banning together, they restored an abandoned church that was being used as a barn. Being of wealthy decent, Ferrar purchased the manor of Little Gidding, a village which had been discarded since the Black Death (a major outbreak of the bubonic plague in the 14th century), a few miles off the Great North Road, and probably recommended by John Williams, Bishop of Lincoln whose palace was in the nearby village of Buckden. About thirty people along with Mary Ferrar (Ferrars' mother) moved into the manor house. Nicholas became spiritual leader of the community.
The community was very strict under the supervision of Nicholas. They read daily offices of the Book of Common Prayer, including the recital of the complete Psalter. every day.
Day and night there was at least one member of the community kneeling in prayer at the alter, that they were keeping the word, "Pray without ceasing". They taught the neighborhood children, and looked after the health and well being of the community. They fasted and in many ways embraced voluntary poverty so that they might have as much money as possible for the relief of the poor. They wrote books and stories dealing with various aspects of Christian faith and practice. The memory of the community survived to inspire and influence later undertakings of Christian communal living, and one of T.S. Eliots' Four Quartets is called "Little Gidding."
Nicholas was a bookbinder and he taught the community the craft as well as gilding and the so-called pasting printing by means of a rolling press. The members of the community produced the remarkable "Harmonies" of the scriptures, one of which was produced by Mary Collet for King Charles I.. Some of the bindings were in gold toothed leather, some were in velvet which had a considerable amount of gold tooling. Some of the embroidered bindings of this period have also been attributed to the so-called nuns of Little Gidding.
The community attracted much attention and was visited by the king, Charles I. He was attracted by a gospel harmony they had produced. The king asked to borrow it only to return it a few months later in exchange for a promise of a new harmony to give his son, Charles, Prince of Wales. This the Ferrars did, and the superbly produced and bound manuscript passed through the royal collection, and is now on display at the British Library.
Nicholas Ferrar, who was never married, died in 1637, and was buried outside the church in Little Gidding. Nicholas's brother John assumed the leadership of the community.
John did his best to make the community thrive. He was visited by the king several times. At one time the king came for a visit with the Prince of Wales, he donated some money that he had won in a card game from the prince. The kings last visit was in secret and at night. He was fleeing from defeat from the battle of Naseby and was heading north to try to enlist support from the Scots. John brought him secretly to Little Gidding and got him away the next day.
The community was now in much danger. The Presbyterian Puritans were now on the rise and the community was condemned with a series of pamphlets calling them an "Arminian Nunnery" (Ariminius was a Dutch reformer and theologian who opposed the Calvinist doctrine of predestination and election)
In 1646 the community was forcibly broken up by Parliamentary soldiers. Their brass baptismal font was damaged, cast into the pond and not recovered until 200 years later. The village remained in the Ferrar family but it was not until the 18th century that the church was restored by another Nicholas Ferrar. Ferrar restored the church, shortened the nave by about 8 feet and built the "dull facade" that Eliot spoke of.
In the mid 19th century, William Hodgkinson came along and restored the church more. He installed the armorial stain glass windows, (4 windows with the arms of Ferrar, Charles the 1st and Bishop Williams inserted). He then put in a rose window at the east end (this rose window was later replaced by a Palladian-style plain glass window). Hodgkinson recovered the brass font, restored it and reinstalled it in the church. An elaborate 18th century chandelier now hangs in the church, installed by Hodgkinson.
from _Little Gidding_ by T.S. Eliot
If you came this way,
Taking any route, starting from anywhere,
At any time or at any season,
It would always be the same: you would have to put off
Sense and notion. You are not here to verify,
Instruct yourself, or inform curiosity
Or carry report. You are here to kneel
Where prayer has been valid. And prayer is more
Than an order of words, the conscious occupation
Of the praying mind, or the sound of the voice praying.
And what the dead had no speech for, when living,
They can tell you, being dead: the communication
Of the dead is tongued with fire
beyond the language of the living.
Here, the intersection of the timeless moment
Is England and nowhere. Never and always.
Bibliography
Etherington & Roberts. Dictionary--Ferrar, Nicholas - Bookbinding and the Conservation
of Books A Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology. Ferrar, Nicholas ( 1592-1637 )
Columbia Encyclopedia - Table Of Contents - Columbia Encyclopedia. F. Faber, Frederick
William. Faber, Johannes. Fabian, Saint. Fabian Society. Fabius. Fabius, Laurent. fable.
fabliau, plural...
Christian Biographies Commemorated in November - FOR THE FEAST OF ALL SAINTS
(1 NOV) FIRST READING: Ecclesiasticus 44:1-10,13-14 ("Let us now praise famous
men...."; a commemoration of patriarchs,...
A History Of The Church In England, J.R.H.Moorman, Morehouse Publishing copyright 1980
The Story Of Christianity, Justo L Gonzalez, Harper Collins Publishers copyright 1984
The Episcopal Church, David Locke Hippocrene Books, New York copyright 1991
Nicholas Ferrar
Nicholas Ferrar was assumed to be born in 1592. I have found that his most probable birth
date was in February of 1593. This is due to the usual calendar confusion: England was
not at that time using the new calendar adopted in October 1582. It was 1593 according
to our modern calendar, but at the time the new year in England began on the following
March 25th.
Nicholas Ferrar was one of the more interesting figures in English history. His family was
quite wealthy and were heavily involved in the Virginia Company, which had a Royal
Charter for the plantation of Virginia. People like Sir Walter Raleigh were often visitors to
the family home in London. Ferrars' niece was named Virginia, the first known use of this
name. Ferrar studied at Cambridge and would have gone further with his studies but the damp air of the fens was bad for his health and he traveled to Europe, spending time in the warmer climate of Italy.
On his return to England he found his family had fared badly. His brother John had become over extended financially and the Virginia Company was in danger of loosing its charter. Nicholas dedicated himself to saving the family fortune and was successful. He served for a short time as Member of Parliament, where he tried to promote the cause for the Virginia Company. His efforts were in vain for the company lost their charter anyway.
Nicholas is given credit for founding a Christian community called the English Protestant Nunnery at Little Gidding in Huntingdonshire, England. After Ferrar was ordained as a deacon, he retired and started his little community. Ferrar was given help and support with his semi-religious community by John Collet, as well as Collet's wife and fourteen children. They devoted themselves to a life of prayer, fasting and almsgiving (Matthew 6:2,5,16).
The community was founded in 1626, when Nicholas was 34 years old. Banning together, they restored an abandoned church that was being used as a barn. Being of wealthy decent, Ferrar purchased the manor of Little Gidding, a village which had been discarded since the Black Death (a major outbreak of the bubonic plague in the 14th century), a few miles off the Great North Road, and probably recommended by John Williams, Bishop of Lincoln whose palace was in the nearby village of Buckden. About thirty people along with Mary Ferrar (Ferrars' mother) moved into the manor house. Nicholas became spiritual leader of the community.
The community was very strict under the supervision of Nicholas. They read daily offices of the Book of Common Prayer, including the recital of the complete Psalter. every day.
Day and night there was at least one member of the community kneeling in prayer at the alter, that they were keeping the word, "Pray without ceasing". They taught the neighborhood children, and looked after the health and well being of the community. They fasted and in many ways embraced voluntary poverty so that they might have as much money as possible for the relief of the poor. They wrote books and stories dealing with various aspects of Christian faith and practice. The memory of the community survived to inspire and influence later undertakings of Christian communal living, and one of T.S. Eliots' Four Quartets is called "Little Gidding."
Nicholas was a bookbinder and he taught the community the craft as well as gilding and the so-called pasting printing by means of a rolling press. The members of the community produced the remarkable "Harmonies" of the scriptures, one of which was produced by Mary Collet for King Charles I.. Some of the bindings were in gold toothed leather, some were in velvet which had a considerable amount of gold tooling. Some of the embroidered bindings of this period have also been attributed to the so-called nuns of Little Gidding.
The community attracted much attention and was visited by the king, Charles I. He was attracted by a gospel harmony they had produced. The king asked to borrow it only to return it a few months later in exchange for a promise of a new harmony to give his son, Charles, Prince of Wales. This the Ferrars did, and the superbly produced and bound manuscript passed through the royal collection, and is now on display at the British Library.
Nicholas Ferrar, who was never married, died in 1637, and was buried outside the church in Little Gidding. Nicholas's brother John assumed the leadership of the community.
John did his best to make the community thrive. He was visited by the king several times. At one time the king came for a visit with the Prince of Wales, he donated some money that he had won in a card game from the prince. The kings last visit was in secret and at night. He was fleeing from defeat from the battle of Naseby and was heading north to try to enlist support from the Scots. John brought him secretly to Little Gidding and got him away the next day.
The community was now in much danger. The Presbyterian Puritans were now on the rise and the community was condemned with a series of pamphlets calling them an "Arminian Nunnery" (Ariminius was a Dutch reformer and theologian who opposed the Calvinist doctrine of predestination and election)
In 1646 the community was forcibly broken up by Parliamentary soldiers. Their brass baptismal font was damaged, cast into the pond and not recovered until 200 years later. The village remained in the Ferrar family but it was not until the 18th century that the church was restored by another Nicholas Ferrar. Ferrar restored the church, shortened the nave by about 8 feet and built the "dull facade" that Eliot spoke of.
In the mid 19th century, William Hodgkinson came along and restored the church more. He installed the armorial stain glass windows, (4 windows with the arms of Ferrar, Charles the 1st and Bishop Williams inserted). He then put in a rose window at the east end (this rose window was later replaced by a Palladian-style plain glass window). Hodgkinson recovered the brass font, restored it and reinstalled it in the church. An elaborate 18th century chandelier now hangs in the church, installed by Hodgkinson.
from _Little Gidding_ by T.S. Eliot
If you came this way,
Taking any route, starting from anywhere,
At any time or at any season,
It would always be the same: you would have to put off
Sense and notion. You are not here to verify,
Instruct yourself, or inform curiosity
Or carry report. You are here to kneel
Where prayer has been valid. And prayer is more
Than an order of words, the conscious occupation
Of the praying mind, or the sound of the voice praying.
And what the dead had no speech for, when living,
They can tell you, being dead: the communication
Of the dead is tongued with fire
beyond the language of the living.
Here, the intersection of the timeless moment
Is England and nowhere. Never and always.
Bibliography
Etherington & Roberts. Dictionary--Ferrar, Nicholas - Bookbinding and the Conservation
of Books A Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology. Ferrar, Nicholas ( 1592-1637 )
Columbia Encyclopedia - Table Of Contents - Columbia Encyclopedia. F. Faber, Frederick
William. Faber, Johannes. Fabian, Saint. Fabian Society. Fabius. Fabius, Laurent. fable.
fabliau, plural...
Christian Biographies Commemorated in November - FOR THE FEAST OF ALL SAINTS
(1 NOV) FIRST READING: Ecclesiasticus 44:1-10,13-14 ("Let us now praise famous
men...."; a commemoration of patriarchs,...
A History Of The Church In England, J.R.H.Moorman, Morehouse Publishing copyright 1980
The Story Of Christianity, Justo L Gonzalez, Harper Collins Publishers copyright 1984
The Episcopal Church, David Locke Hippocrene Books, New York copyright 1991
Nicholas Ferrar 4
Christian History 102
Nicholas Ferrar
Nicholas Ferrar was assumed to be born in 1592. I have found that his most probable birth
date was in February of 1593. This is due to the usual calendar confusion: England was
not at that time using the new calendar adopted in October 1582. It was 1593 according
to our modern calendar, but at the time the new year in England began on the following
March 25th.
Nicholas Ferrar was one of the more interesting figures in English history. His family was
quite wealthy and were heavily involved in the Virginia Company, which had a Royal
Charter for the plantation of Virginia. People like Sir Walter Raleigh were often visitors to
the family home in London. Ferrars' niece was named Virginia, the first known use of this
name. Ferrar studied at Cambridge and would have gone further with his studies but the damp air of the fens was bad for his health and he traveled to Europe, spending time in the warmer climate of Italy.
On his return to England he found his family had fared badly. His brother John had become over extended financially and the Virginia Company was in danger of loosing its charter. Nicholas dedicated himself to saving the family fortune and was successful. He served for a short time as Member of Parliament, where he tried to promote the cause for the Virginia Company. His efforts were in vain for the company lost their charter anyway.
Nicholas is given credit for founding a Christian community called the English Protestant Nunnery at Little Gidding in Huntingdonshire, England. After Ferrar was ordained as a deacon, he retired and started his little community. Ferrar was given help and support with his semi-religious community by John Collet, as well as Collet's wife and fourteen children. They devoted themselves to a life of prayer, fasting and almsgiving (Matthew 6:2,5,16).
The community was founded in 1626, when Nicholas was 34 years old. Banning together, they restored an abandoned church that was being used as a barn. Being of wealthy decent, Ferrar purchased the manor of Little Gidding, a village which had been discarded since the Black Death (a major outbreak of the bubonic plague in the 14th century), a few miles off the Great North Road, and probably recommended by John Williams, Bishop of Lincoln whose palace was in the nearby village of Buckden. About thirty people along with Mary Ferrar (Ferrars' mother) moved into the manor house. Nicholas became spiritual leader of the community.
The community was very strict under the supervision of Nicholas. They read daily offices of the Book of Common Prayer, including the recital of the complete Psalter. every day.
Day and night there was at least one member of the community kneeling in prayer at the alter, that they were keeping the word, "Pray without ceasing". They taught the neighborhood children, and looked after the health and well being of the community. They fasted and in many ways embraced voluntary poverty so that they might have as much money as possible for the relief of the poor. They wrote books and stories dealing with various aspects of Christian faith and practice. The memory of the community survived to inspire and influence later undertakings of Christian communal living, and one of T.S. Eliots' Four Quartets is called "Little Gidding."
Nicholas was a bookbinder and he taught the community the craft as well as gilding and the so-called pasting printing by means of a rolling press. The members of the community produced the remarkable "Harmonies" of the scriptures, one of which was produced by Mary Collet for King Charles I.. Some of the bindings were in gold toothed leather, some were in velvet which had a considerable amount of gold tooling. Some of the embroidered bindings of this period have also been attributed to the so-called nuns of Little Gidding.
The community attracted much attention and was visited by the king, Charles I. He was attracted by a gospel harmony they had produced. The king asked to borrow it only to return it a few months later in exchange for a promise of a new harmony to give his son, Charles, Prince of Wales. This the Ferrars did, and the superbly produced and bound manuscript passed through the royal collection, and is now on display at the British Library.
Nicholas Ferrar, who was never married, died in 1637, and was buried outside the church in Little Gidding. Nicholas's brother John assumed the leadership of the community.
John did his best to make the community thrive. He was visited by the king several times. At one time the king came for a visit with the Prince of Wales, he donated some money that he had won in a card game from the prince. The kings last visit was in secret and at night. He was fleeing from defeat from the battle of Naseby and was heading north to try to enlist support from the Scots. John brought him secretly to Little Gidding and got him away the next day.
The community was now in much danger. The Presbyterian Puritans were now on the rise and the community was condemned with a series of pamphlets calling them an "Arminian Nunnery" (Ariminius was a Dutch reformer and theologian who opposed the Calvinist doctrine of predestination and election)
In 1646 the community was forcibly broken up by Parliamentary soldiers. Their brass baptismal font was damaged, cast into the pond and not recovered until 200 years later. The village remained in the Ferrar family but it was not until the 18th century that the church was restored by another Nicholas Ferrar. Ferrar restored the church, shortened the nave by about 8 feet and built the "dull facade" that Eliot spoke of.
In the mid 19th century, William Hodgkinson came along and restored the church more. He installed the armorial stain glass windows, (4 windows with the arms of Ferrar, Charles the 1st and Bishop Williams inserted). He then put in a rose window at the east end (this rose window was later replaced by a Palladian-style plain glass window). Hodgkinson recovered the brass font, restored it and reinstalled it in the church. An elaborate 18th century chandelier now hangs in the church, installed by Hodgkinson.
from _Little Gidding_ by T.S. Eliot
If you came this way,
Taking any route, starting from anywhere,
At any time or at any season,
It would always be the same: you would have to put off
Sense and notion. You are not here to verify,
Instruct yourself, or inform curiosity
Or carry report. You are here to kneel
Where prayer has been valid. And prayer is more
Than an order of words, the conscious occupation
Of the praying mind, or the sound of the voice praying.
And what the dead had no speech for, when living,
They can tell you, being dead: the communication
Of the dead is tongued with fire
beyond the language of the living.
Here, the intersection of the timeless moment
Is England and nowhere. Never and always.
Bibliography
Etherington & Roberts. Dictionary--Ferrar, Nicholas - Bookbinding and the Conservation
of Books A Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology. Ferrar, Nicholas ( 1592-1637 )
Columbia Encyclopedia - Table Of Contents - Columbia Encyclopedia. F. Faber, Frederick
William. Faber, Johannes. Fabian, Saint. Fabian Society. Fabius. Fabius, Laurent. fable.
fabliau, plural...
Christian Biographies Commemorated in November - FOR THE FEAST OF ALL SAINTS
(1 NOV) FIRST READING: Ecclesiasticus 44:1-10,13-14 ("Let us now praise famous
men...."; a commemoration of patriarchs,...
A History Of The Church In England, J.R.H.Moorman, Morehouse Publishing copyright 1980
The Story Of Christianity, Justo L Gonzalez, Harper Collins Publishers copyright 1984
The Episcopal Church, David Locke Hippocrene Books, New York copyright 1991
Nicholas Ferrar
Nicholas Ferrar was assumed to be born in 1592. I have found that his most probable birth
date was in February of 1593. This is due to the usual calendar confusion: England was
not at that time using the new calendar adopted in October 1582. It was 1593 according
to our modern calendar, but at the time the new year in England began on the following
March 25th.
Nicholas Ferrar was one of the more interesting figures in English history. His family was
quite wealthy and were heavily involved in the Virginia Company, which had a Royal
Charter for the plantation of Virginia. People like Sir Walter Raleigh were often visitors to
the family home in London. Ferrars' niece was named Virginia, the first known use of this
name. Ferrar studied at Cambridge and would have gone further with his studies but the damp air of the fens was bad for his health and he traveled to Europe, spending time in the warmer climate of Italy.
On his return to England he found his family had fared badly. His brother John had become over extended financially and the Virginia Company was in danger of loosing its charter. Nicholas dedicated himself to saving the family fortune and was successful. He served for a short time as Member of Parliament, where he tried to promote the cause for the Virginia Company. His efforts were in vain for the company lost their charter anyway.
Nicholas is given credit for founding a Christian community called the English Protestant Nunnery at Little Gidding in Huntingdonshire, England. After Ferrar was ordained as a deacon, he retired and started his little community. Ferrar was given help and support with his semi-religious community by John Collet, as well as Collet's wife and fourteen children. They devoted themselves to a life of prayer, fasting and almsgiving (Matthew 6:2,5,16).
The community was founded in 1626, when Nicholas was 34 years old. Banning together, they restored an abandoned church that was being used as a barn. Being of wealthy decent, Ferrar purchased the manor of Little Gidding, a village which had been discarded since the Black Death (a major outbreak of the bubonic plague in the 14th century), a few miles off the Great North Road, and probably recommended by John Williams, Bishop of Lincoln whose palace was in the nearby village of Buckden. About thirty people along with Mary Ferrar (Ferrars' mother) moved into the manor house. Nicholas became spiritual leader of the community.
The community was very strict under the supervision of Nicholas. They read daily offices of the Book of Common Prayer, including the recital of the complete Psalter. every day.
Day and night there was at least one member of the community kneeling in prayer at the alter, that they were keeping the word, "Pray without ceasing". They taught the neighborhood children, and looked after the health and well being of the community. They fasted and in many ways embraced voluntary poverty so that they might have as much money as possible for the relief of the poor. They wrote books and stories dealing with various aspects of Christian faith and practice. The memory of the community survived to inspire and influence later undertakings of Christian communal living, and one of T.S. Eliots' Four Quartets is called "Little Gidding."
Nicholas was a bookbinder and he taught the community the craft as well as gilding and the so-called pasting printing by means of a rolling press. The members of the community produced the remarkable "Harmonies" of the scriptures, one of which was produced by Mary Collet for King Charles I.. Some of the bindings were in gold toothed leather, some were in velvet which had a considerable amount of gold tooling. Some of the embroidered bindings of this period have also been attributed to the so-called nuns of Little Gidding.
The community attracted much attention and was visited by the king, Charles I. He was attracted by a gospel harmony they had produced. The king asked to borrow it only to return it a few months later in exchange for a promise of a new harmony to give his son, Charles, Prince of Wales. This the Ferrars did, and the superbly produced and bound manuscript passed through the royal collection, and is now on display at the British Library.
Nicholas Ferrar, who was never married, died in 1637, and was buried outside the church in Little Gidding. Nicholas's brother John assumed the leadership of the community.
John did his best to make the community thrive. He was visited by the king several times. At one time the king came for a visit with the Prince of Wales, he donated some money that he had won in a card game from the prince. The kings last visit was in secret and at night. He was fleeing from defeat from the battle of Naseby and was heading north to try to enlist support from the Scots. John brought him secretly to Little Gidding and got him away the next day.
The community was now in much danger. The Presbyterian Puritans were now on the rise and the community was condemned with a series of pamphlets calling them an "Arminian Nunnery" (Ariminius was a Dutch reformer and theologian who opposed the Calvinist doctrine of predestination and election)
In 1646 the community was forcibly broken up by Parliamentary soldiers. Their brass baptismal font was damaged, cast into the pond and not recovered until 200 years later. The village remained in the Ferrar family but it was not until the 18th century that the church was restored by another Nicholas Ferrar. Ferrar restored the church, shortened the nave by about 8 feet and built the "dull facade" that Eliot spoke of.
In the mid 19th century, William Hodgkinson came along and restored the church more. He installed the armorial stain glass windows, (4 windows with the arms of Ferrar, Charles the 1st and Bishop Williams inserted). He then put in a rose window at the east end (this rose window was later replaced by a Palladian-style plain glass window). Hodgkinson recovered the brass font, restored it and reinstalled it in the church. An elaborate 18th century chandelier now hangs in the church, installed by Hodgkinson.
from _Little Gidding_ by T.S. Eliot
If you came this way,
Taking any route, starting from anywhere,
At any time or at any season,
It would always be the same: you would have to put off
Sense and notion. You are not here to verify,
Instruct yourself, or inform curiosity
Or carry report. You are here to kneel
Where prayer has been valid. And prayer is more
Than an order of words, the conscious occupation
Of the praying mind, or the sound of the voice praying.
And what the dead had no speech for, when living,
They can tell you, being dead: the communication
Of the dead is tongued with fire
beyond the language of the living.
Here, the intersection of the timeless moment
Is England and nowhere. Never and always.
Bibliography
Etherington & Roberts. Dictionary--Ferrar, Nicholas - Bookbinding and the Conservation
of Books A Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology. Ferrar, Nicholas ( 1592-1637 )
Columbia Encyclopedia - Table Of Contents - Columbia Encyclopedia. F. Faber, Frederick
William. Faber, Johannes. Fabian, Saint. Fabian Society. Fabius. Fabius, Laurent. fable.
fabliau, plural...
Christian Biographies Commemorated in November - FOR THE FEAST OF ALL SAINTS
(1 NOV) FIRST READING: Ecclesiasticus 44:1-10,13-14 ("Let us now praise famous
men...."; a commemoration of patriarchs,...
A History Of The Church In England, J.R.H.Moorman, Morehouse Publishing copyright 1980
The Story Of Christianity, Justo L Gonzalez, Harper Collins Publishers copyright 1984
The Episcopal Church, David Locke Hippocrene Books, New York copyright 1991
Martin Luther
MARTIN LUTHER
Martin Luther was a German theologian and religious reformer, who started
the Protestant Reformation, and whose vast influence during his time period
made him one of the crucial figures in modern European history. Luther was
born in Eisleben on November 10, 1483 and was descended from the peasantry,
a fact that he often stressed. Hans Luther, his father, was a copper miner.
Luther received a sound primary and secondary education at Mansfeld,
Magdeburg, and Eisenach. In 1501, at the age of 17, he enrolled at the
University of Erfurt, receiving a bachelor's degree in 1502 and a master's
degree in 1505 . He then intended to study
law, as his father had wished. In the summer of 1505, he abandoned his
studies and his law plans, sold his books, and entered the Augustinian
monastery in Erfurt. The decision surprised his friends and appalled his
father. Later in his life, Luther explained his suprising decision by
recollecting several brushes with death that had occurred at the time,
making him aware of the fleeting character of life. In the monastery he
observed the rules imposed on a novice but did not find the peace in God
he had expected. Nevertheless, Luther made his profession as a monk in
the fall of 1506, and his superiors selected him for the priesthood.
Ordained in 1507, he approached his first celebration of the mass with awe.
After his ordination, Luther was asked to study theology in order to
become a professor at one of the many new German universities staffed by
monks. In 1508 he was assigned by Johann von Staupitz, vicar-general of
the Augustinians and a friend and counselor, to the new University of
Wittenberg (founded in 1502) to give introductory lectures in moral
philosophy. He received his bachelor's degree in theology in 1509 and
returned to Erfurt, where he taught and studied.
In November 1510, on behalf of seven Augustinian monasteries, he made a
visit to Rome, where he performed the religious duties customary for a
pious visitor and was shocked by the worldliness of the Roman clergy.
Soon after resuming his duties in Erfurt, he was reassigned to Wittenberg
and asked to study for the degree of doctor of theology. In 1512, after
receiving his doctorate, he took over the chair of biblical theology which
he held till his death.
Although still uncertain of God's love and his own salvation, Luther was
active as a preacher, teacher, and administrator. Sometime
during his study of the New Testament in preparation for his lectures, he
came to believe that Christians are saved not through their own efforts but
by the gift of God's grace, which they accept in faith. Both the exact date
and the location of this experience have been a matter of controversy among
scholars, but the event was crucial in Luther's life, because it turned him
decisively against some of the major tenets of the Catholic church.
Luther became a public and controversial figure when he published his
Ninety-Five Theses on October 31, 1517.
His main purpose of writing the theses was to show his opposition for
the corruption and wealth of the papacy and to state his belief that salvation
would be granted on the basis of faith alone rather then by works. Although
it is generally believed that Luther nailed these theses to the door of All
Saints Church in Wittenberg, some scholars have questioned this story, which
does not occur in any of his own writings. Regardless of the manner in
which his propositions were made public, they caused great excitement and
were immediately translated into German and widely distributed .
Luther's spirited defense and further development of his position through
public university debates in Wittenberg and other cities resulted in an
investigation by the Roman Curia that led to the condemnation of
his teachings and his excommunication. Summoned to appear before Charles V
at the Diet of Worms in April 1521, he was asked
before the assembled secular and ecclesiastical rulers to recant. He
refused firmly, asserting that he would have to be convinced by Scripture
and clear reason in order to do so and that going against conscience is
not safe for anyone. Condemned by the emperor, Luther was spirited away by
his prince, the elector Frederick the Wise of Saxony, and kept in hiding
at Wartburg Castle. There he began his translation of the New Testament
from the original Greek into German, a seminal contribution to the
development of a standard German language. Disorders in Wittenberg caused
by some of his more extreme followers forced his return to the city in March
1521, and he restored peace through a series of sermons.
Luther continued his teaching and writing in Wittenberg but soon became
involved in the controversies surrounding the Peasants' War (1524-26)
because the leaders of the peasants originally justified their demands with
arguments somewhat illegitimately drawn from his writings.
He considered their theological arguments false, although he supported many
of their political demands. When the peasants turned violent, he angrily
denounced them and supported the princes' effort to restore order. Although
he later repudiated the harsh, vengeful policy adopted by the nobles, his
attitude toward the war lost him many friends. In the midst of this
controversy he married Katharina von Bora, a former nun. The marriage was happy, and his wife became an important supporter in his busy life. After having articulated his basic theology in his earlier writings, he published his most popular book, the Small Catechism, in 1529. By commenting briefly in question and answer form on the Ten Commandments, the Apostles' Creed, the Lord's Prayer, baptism, and the Lord's Supper, the Small Catechism explains the theology of the evangelical reformation in simple yet colorful language. Not allowed to attend the Diet of Augsburg because he had been banned and excommunicated, Luther had to leave the presentation of the reformers' position to his friend and colleague Melanchthon. In 1532 Luther's translation of the Old Testament from the original Hebrew was published. Meanwhile, his influence spread across northern and eastern Europe. His advocacy of the independence of rulers from papal supervision won him the support of many princes. His fame made Wittenberg an intellectual center.
By 1537, Luther's health had begun to deteriorate, and he felt burdened by
the resurgence of the papacy and by what he perceived as an attempt by Jews
to take advantage of the confusion among Christians and reopen the question
of Jesus' messiahship. Apprehensive about
his own responsibility for this situation, he wrote a violent polemic
against the Jews, as well as polemics against the papacy and the radical
wing of the reformers, the Anabaptists. In the winter of 1546, Luther was
asked to settle a controversy between two young counts who ruled the area
of Mansfeld, where he had been born. Old and sick, he went there, resolved
the conflict, and died on February 18, 1546, in Eisleben.
Luther left behind a movement that quickly spread throughout the Western
world. His doctrines, especially justification by faith and the final
authority of the Bible, were adopted by other reformers and are shared
by many Protestant denominations today. As the founder of the 16th-century
Reformation, he is one of the major figures of Christianity and of
Western civilization.
Martin Luther was a German theologian and religious reformer, who started
the Protestant Reformation, and whose vast influence during his time period
made him one of the crucial figures in modern European history. Luther was
born in Eisleben on November 10, 1483 and was descended from the peasantry,
a fact that he often stressed. Hans Luther, his father, was a copper miner.
Luther received a sound primary and secondary education at Mansfeld,
Magdeburg, and Eisenach. In 1501, at the age of 17, he enrolled at the
University of Erfurt, receiving a bachelor's degree in 1502 and a master's
degree in 1505 . He then intended to study
law, as his father had wished. In the summer of 1505, he abandoned his
studies and his law plans, sold his books, and entered the Augustinian
monastery in Erfurt. The decision surprised his friends and appalled his
father. Later in his life, Luther explained his suprising decision by
recollecting several brushes with death that had occurred at the time,
making him aware of the fleeting character of life. In the monastery he
observed the rules imposed on a novice but did not find the peace in God
he had expected. Nevertheless, Luther made his profession as a monk in
the fall of 1506, and his superiors selected him for the priesthood.
Ordained in 1507, he approached his first celebration of the mass with awe.
After his ordination, Luther was asked to study theology in order to
become a professor at one of the many new German universities staffed by
monks. In 1508 he was assigned by Johann von Staupitz, vicar-general of
the Augustinians and a friend and counselor, to the new University of
Wittenberg (founded in 1502) to give introductory lectures in moral
philosophy. He received his bachelor's degree in theology in 1509 and
returned to Erfurt, where he taught and studied.
In November 1510, on behalf of seven Augustinian monasteries, he made a
visit to Rome, where he performed the religious duties customary for a
pious visitor and was shocked by the worldliness of the Roman clergy.
Soon after resuming his duties in Erfurt, he was reassigned to Wittenberg
and asked to study for the degree of doctor of theology. In 1512, after
receiving his doctorate, he took over the chair of biblical theology which
he held till his death.
Although still uncertain of God's love and his own salvation, Luther was
active as a preacher, teacher, and administrator. Sometime
during his study of the New Testament in preparation for his lectures, he
came to believe that Christians are saved not through their own efforts but
by the gift of God's grace, which they accept in faith. Both the exact date
and the location of this experience have been a matter of controversy among
scholars, but the event was crucial in Luther's life, because it turned him
decisively against some of the major tenets of the Catholic church.
Luther became a public and controversial figure when he published his
Ninety-Five Theses on October 31, 1517.
His main purpose of writing the theses was to show his opposition for
the corruption and wealth of the papacy and to state his belief that salvation
would be granted on the basis of faith alone rather then by works. Although
it is generally believed that Luther nailed these theses to the door of All
Saints Church in Wittenberg, some scholars have questioned this story, which
does not occur in any of his own writings. Regardless of the manner in
which his propositions were made public, they caused great excitement and
were immediately translated into German and widely distributed .
Luther's spirited defense and further development of his position through
public university debates in Wittenberg and other cities resulted in an
investigation by the Roman Curia that led to the condemnation of
his teachings and his excommunication. Summoned to appear before Charles V
at the Diet of Worms in April 1521, he was asked
before the assembled secular and ecclesiastical rulers to recant. He
refused firmly, asserting that he would have to be convinced by Scripture
and clear reason in order to do so and that going against conscience is
not safe for anyone. Condemned by the emperor, Luther was spirited away by
his prince, the elector Frederick the Wise of Saxony, and kept in hiding
at Wartburg Castle. There he began his translation of the New Testament
from the original Greek into German, a seminal contribution to the
development of a standard German language. Disorders in Wittenberg caused
by some of his more extreme followers forced his return to the city in March
1521, and he restored peace through a series of sermons.
Luther continued his teaching and writing in Wittenberg but soon became
involved in the controversies surrounding the Peasants' War (1524-26)
because the leaders of the peasants originally justified their demands with
arguments somewhat illegitimately drawn from his writings.
He considered their theological arguments false, although he supported many
of their political demands. When the peasants turned violent, he angrily
denounced them and supported the princes' effort to restore order. Although
he later repudiated the harsh, vengeful policy adopted by the nobles, his
attitude toward the war lost him many friends. In the midst of this
controversy he married Katharina von Bora, a former nun. The marriage was happy, and his wife became an important supporter in his busy life. After having articulated his basic theology in his earlier writings, he published his most popular book, the Small Catechism, in 1529. By commenting briefly in question and answer form on the Ten Commandments, the Apostles' Creed, the Lord's Prayer, baptism, and the Lord's Supper, the Small Catechism explains the theology of the evangelical reformation in simple yet colorful language. Not allowed to attend the Diet of Augsburg because he had been banned and excommunicated, Luther had to leave the presentation of the reformers' position to his friend and colleague Melanchthon. In 1532 Luther's translation of the Old Testament from the original Hebrew was published. Meanwhile, his influence spread across northern and eastern Europe. His advocacy of the independence of rulers from papal supervision won him the support of many princes. His fame made Wittenberg an intellectual center.
By 1537, Luther's health had begun to deteriorate, and he felt burdened by
the resurgence of the papacy and by what he perceived as an attempt by Jews
to take advantage of the confusion among Christians and reopen the question
of Jesus' messiahship. Apprehensive about
his own responsibility for this situation, he wrote a violent polemic
against the Jews, as well as polemics against the papacy and the radical
wing of the reformers, the Anabaptists. In the winter of 1546, Luther was
asked to settle a controversy between two young counts who ruled the area
of Mansfeld, where he had been born. Old and sick, he went there, resolved
the conflict, and died on February 18, 1546, in Eisleben.
Luther left behind a movement that quickly spread throughout the Western
world. His doctrines, especially justification by faith and the final
authority of the Bible, were adopted by other reformers and are shared
by many Protestant denominations today. As the founder of the 16th-century
Reformation, he is one of the major figures of Christianity and of
Western civilization.
Martin Luther 4
MARTIN LUTHER
Martin Luther was a German theologian and religious reformer, who started
the Protestant Reformation, and whose vast influence during his time period
made him one of the crucial figures in modern European history. Luther was
born in Eisleben on November 10, 1483 and was descended from the peasantry,
a fact that he often stressed. Hans Luther, his father, was a copper miner.
Luther received a sound primary and secondary education at Mansfeld,
Magdeburg, and Eisenach. In 1501, at the age of 17, he enrolled at the
University of Erfurt, receiving a bachelor's degree in 1502 and a master's
degree in 1505 . He then intended to study
law, as his father had wished. In the summer of 1505, he abandoned his
studies and his law plans, sold his books, and entered the Augustinian
monastery in Erfurt. The decision surprised his friends and appalled his
father. Later in his life, Luther explained his suprising decision by
recollecting several brushes with death that had occurred at the time,
making him aware of the fleeting character of life. In the monastery he
observed the rules imposed on a novice but did not find the peace in God
he had expected. Nevertheless, Luther made his profession as a monk in
the fall of 1506, and his superiors selected him for the priesthood.
Ordained in 1507, he approached his first celebration of the mass with awe.
After his ordination, Luther was asked to study theology in order to
become a professor at one of the many new German universities staffed by
monks. In 1508 he was assigned by Johann von Staupitz, vicar-general of
the Augustinians and a friend and counselor, to the new University of
Wittenberg (founded in 1502) to give introductory lectures in moral
philosophy. He received his bachelor's degree in theology in 1509 and
returned to Erfurt, where he taught and studied.
In November 1510, on behalf of seven Augustinian monasteries, he made a
visit to Rome, where he performed the religious duties customary for a
pious visitor and was shocked by the worldliness of the Roman clergy.
Soon after resuming his duties in Erfurt, he was reassigned to Wittenberg
and asked to study for the degree of doctor of theology. In 1512, after
receiving his doctorate, he took over the chair of biblical theology which
he held till his death.
Although still uncertain of God's love and his own salvation, Luther was
active as a preacher, teacher, and administrator. Sometime
during his study of the New Testament in preparation for his lectures, he
came to believe that Christians are saved not through their own efforts but
by the gift of God's grace, which they accept in faith. Both the exact date
and the location of this experience have been a matter of controversy among
scholars, but the event was crucial in Luther's life, because it turned him
decisively against some of the major tenets of the Catholic church.
Luther became a public and controversial figure when he published his
Ninety-Five Theses on October 31, 1517.
His main purpose of writing the theses was to show his opposition for
the corruption and wealth of the papacy and to state his belief that salvation
would be granted on the basis of faith alone rather then by works. Although
it is generally believed that Luther nailed these theses to the door of All
Saints Church in Wittenberg, some scholars have questioned this story, which
does not occur in any of his own writings. Regardless of the manner in
which his propositions were made public, they caused great excitement and
were immediately translated into German and widely distributed .
Luther's spirited defense and further development of his position through
public university debates in Wittenberg and other cities resulted in an
investigation by the Roman Curia that led to the condemnation of
his teachings and his excommunication. Summoned to appear before Charles V
at the Diet of Worms in April 1521, he was asked
before the assembled secular and ecclesiastical rulers to recant. He
refused firmly, asserting that he would have to be convinced by Scripture
and clear reason in order to do so and that going against conscience is
not safe for anyone. Condemned by the emperor, Luther was spirited away by
his prince, the elector Frederick the Wise of Saxony, and kept in hiding
at Wartburg Castle. There he began his translation of the New Testament
from the original Greek into German, a seminal contribution to the
development of a standard German language. Disorders in Wittenberg caused
by some of his more extreme followers forced his return to the city in March
1521, and he restored peace through a series of sermons.
Luther continued his teaching and writing in Wittenberg but soon became
involved in the controversies surrounding the Peasants' War (1524-26)
because the leaders of the peasants originally justified their demands with
arguments somewhat illegitimately drawn from his writings.
He considered their theological arguments false, although he supported many
of their political demands. When the peasants turned violent, he angrily
denounced them and supported the princes' effort to restore order. Although
he later repudiated the harsh, vengeful policy adopted by the nobles, his
attitude toward the war lost him many friends. In the midst of this
controversy he married Katharina von Bora, a former nun. The marriage was happy, and his wife became an important supporter in his busy life. After having articulated his basic theology in his earlier writings, he published his most popular book, the Small Catechism, in 1529. By commenting briefly in question and answer form on the Ten Commandments, the Apostles' Creed, the Lord's Prayer, baptism, and the Lord's Supper, the Small Catechism explains the theology of the evangelical reformation in simple yet colorful language. Not allowed to attend the Diet of Augsburg because he had been banned and excommunicated, Luther had to leave the presentation of the reformers' position to his friend and colleague Melanchthon. In 1532 Luther's translation of the Old Testament from the original Hebrew was published. Meanwhile, his influence spread across northern and eastern Europe. His advocacy of the independence of rulers from papal supervision won him the support of many princes. His fame made Wittenberg an intellectual center.
By 1537, Luther's health had begun to deteriorate, and he felt burdened by
the resurgence of the papacy and by what he perceived as an attempt by Jews
to take advantage of the confusion among Christians and reopen the question
of Jesus' messiahship. Apprehensive about
his own responsibility for this situation, he wrote a violent polemic
against the Jews, as well as polemics against the papacy and the radical
wing of the reformers, the Anabaptists. In the winter of 1546, Luther was
asked to settle a controversy between two young counts who ruled the area
of Mansfeld, where he had been born. Old and sick, he went there, resolved
the conflict, and died on February 18, 1546, in Eisleben.
Luther left behind a movement that quickly spread throughout the Western
world. His doctrines, especially justification by faith and the final
authority of the Bible, were adopted by other reformers and are shared
by many Protestant denominations today. As the founder of the 16th-century
Reformation, he is one of the major figures of Christianity and of
Western civilization.
Martin Luther was a German theologian and religious reformer, who started
the Protestant Reformation, and whose vast influence during his time period
made him one of the crucial figures in modern European history. Luther was
born in Eisleben on November 10, 1483 and was descended from the peasantry,
a fact that he often stressed. Hans Luther, his father, was a copper miner.
Luther received a sound primary and secondary education at Mansfeld,
Magdeburg, and Eisenach. In 1501, at the age of 17, he enrolled at the
University of Erfurt, receiving a bachelor's degree in 1502 and a master's
degree in 1505 . He then intended to study
law, as his father had wished. In the summer of 1505, he abandoned his
studies and his law plans, sold his books, and entered the Augustinian
monastery in Erfurt. The decision surprised his friends and appalled his
father. Later in his life, Luther explained his suprising decision by
recollecting several brushes with death that had occurred at the time,
making him aware of the fleeting character of life. In the monastery he
observed the rules imposed on a novice but did not find the peace in God
he had expected. Nevertheless, Luther made his profession as a monk in
the fall of 1506, and his superiors selected him for the priesthood.
Ordained in 1507, he approached his first celebration of the mass with awe.
After his ordination, Luther was asked to study theology in order to
become a professor at one of the many new German universities staffed by
monks. In 1508 he was assigned by Johann von Staupitz, vicar-general of
the Augustinians and a friend and counselor, to the new University of
Wittenberg (founded in 1502) to give introductory lectures in moral
philosophy. He received his bachelor's degree in theology in 1509 and
returned to Erfurt, where he taught and studied.
In November 1510, on behalf of seven Augustinian monasteries, he made a
visit to Rome, where he performed the religious duties customary for a
pious visitor and was shocked by the worldliness of the Roman clergy.
Soon after resuming his duties in Erfurt, he was reassigned to Wittenberg
and asked to study for the degree of doctor of theology. In 1512, after
receiving his doctorate, he took over the chair of biblical theology which
he held till his death.
Although still uncertain of God's love and his own salvation, Luther was
active as a preacher, teacher, and administrator. Sometime
during his study of the New Testament in preparation for his lectures, he
came to believe that Christians are saved not through their own efforts but
by the gift of God's grace, which they accept in faith. Both the exact date
and the location of this experience have been a matter of controversy among
scholars, but the event was crucial in Luther's life, because it turned him
decisively against some of the major tenets of the Catholic church.
Luther became a public and controversial figure when he published his
Ninety-Five Theses on October 31, 1517.
His main purpose of writing the theses was to show his opposition for
the corruption and wealth of the papacy and to state his belief that salvation
would be granted on the basis of faith alone rather then by works. Although
it is generally believed that Luther nailed these theses to the door of All
Saints Church in Wittenberg, some scholars have questioned this story, which
does not occur in any of his own writings. Regardless of the manner in
which his propositions were made public, they caused great excitement and
were immediately translated into German and widely distributed .
Luther's spirited defense and further development of his position through
public university debates in Wittenberg and other cities resulted in an
investigation by the Roman Curia that led to the condemnation of
his teachings and his excommunication. Summoned to appear before Charles V
at the Diet of Worms in April 1521, he was asked
before the assembled secular and ecclesiastical rulers to recant. He
refused firmly, asserting that he would have to be convinced by Scripture
and clear reason in order to do so and that going against conscience is
not safe for anyone. Condemned by the emperor, Luther was spirited away by
his prince, the elector Frederick the Wise of Saxony, and kept in hiding
at Wartburg Castle. There he began his translation of the New Testament
from the original Greek into German, a seminal contribution to the
development of a standard German language. Disorders in Wittenberg caused
by some of his more extreme followers forced his return to the city in March
1521, and he restored peace through a series of sermons.
Luther continued his teaching and writing in Wittenberg but soon became
involved in the controversies surrounding the Peasants' War (1524-26)
because the leaders of the peasants originally justified their demands with
arguments somewhat illegitimately drawn from his writings.
He considered their theological arguments false, although he supported many
of their political demands. When the peasants turned violent, he angrily
denounced them and supported the princes' effort to restore order. Although
he later repudiated the harsh, vengeful policy adopted by the nobles, his
attitude toward the war lost him many friends. In the midst of this
controversy he married Katharina von Bora, a former nun. The marriage was happy, and his wife became an important supporter in his busy life. After having articulated his basic theology in his earlier writings, he published his most popular book, the Small Catechism, in 1529. By commenting briefly in question and answer form on the Ten Commandments, the Apostles' Creed, the Lord's Prayer, baptism, and the Lord's Supper, the Small Catechism explains the theology of the evangelical reformation in simple yet colorful language. Not allowed to attend the Diet of Augsburg because he had been banned and excommunicated, Luther had to leave the presentation of the reformers' position to his friend and colleague Melanchthon. In 1532 Luther's translation of the Old Testament from the original Hebrew was published. Meanwhile, his influence spread across northern and eastern Europe. His advocacy of the independence of rulers from papal supervision won him the support of many princes. His fame made Wittenberg an intellectual center.
By 1537, Luther's health had begun to deteriorate, and he felt burdened by
the resurgence of the papacy and by what he perceived as an attempt by Jews
to take advantage of the confusion among Christians and reopen the question
of Jesus' messiahship. Apprehensive about
his own responsibility for this situation, he wrote a violent polemic
against the Jews, as well as polemics against the papacy and the radical
wing of the reformers, the Anabaptists. In the winter of 1546, Luther was
asked to settle a controversy between two young counts who ruled the area
of Mansfeld, where he had been born. Old and sick, he went there, resolved
the conflict, and died on February 18, 1546, in Eisleben.
Luther left behind a movement that quickly spread throughout the Western
world. His doctrines, especially justification by faith and the final
authority of the Bible, were adopted by other reformers and are shared
by many Protestant denominations today. As the founder of the 16th-century
Reformation, he is one of the major figures of Christianity and of
Western civilization.
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