Woodrow Wilson 4

Wilson, Woodrow

Woodrow Wilson, 28th president of the United States (1913-21), secured a

legislative program of progressive domestic reform, guided his country

during WORLD WAR I, and sought a peace settlement based on high moral

principles, to be guaranteed by the LEAGUE OF NATIONS.

Early Life and Career

Thomas Woodrow Wilson was born in Staunton, Va., on Dec. 28, 1856. He was

profoundly influenced by a devoutly religious household headed by his

father, Joseph Ruggles Wilson, a Presbyterian minister, and his mother,

Janet Woodrow Wilson, the daughter of a minister. Woodrow (he dropped the

Thomas in 1879) attended (1873-74) Davidson College and in 1875 entered the

College of New Jersey (later Princeton University), graduating in 1879.

Wilson studied (1879-80) at the University of Virginia Law School, briefly

practiced law in Atlanta, and in 1883 entered The Johns Hopkins University

for graduate study in political science. His widely acclaimed book,

Congressional Government (1885), was published a year before he received

the doctoral degree. In 1885 he married Ellen Louise Axson; they had three

daughters.

Wilson taught at Bryn Mawr College (1885-88) and Wesleyan University

in Connecticut (1888-90) before he was called (1890) to Princeton as

professor of jurisprudence and political economy. A popular lecturer,

Wilson also wrote a score of articles and nine books, including Division

and Reunion (1893) and his five-volume History of the American People

(1902). In 1902 he was the unanimous choice of the trustees to become

Princeton's president. His reforms included reorganization of the

departmental structure, revision of the curriculum, raising of academic

standards, tightening of student discipline, and the still-famous

preceptorial system of instruction. But Wilson's quad plan--an attempt to

create colleges or quadrangles where students and faculty members would

live and study together--was defeated. Opposed by wealthy alumni and

trustees, he also lost his battle for control of the proposed graduate

college.

The Princeton controversies, seen nationally as a battle between

democracy and vested wealth, propelled Wilson into the political arena.

George Harvey, editor of Harper's Weekly, with help from New Jersey's

Democratic party bosses, persuaded Wilson to run for governor in 1910.

After scoring an easy victory, he cast off his machine sponsors and

launched a remarkable program of progressive legislation, including a

direct-primary law, antitrust laws, a corrupt-practices act, a workmen's

compensation act, and measures establishing a public utility commission and

permitting cities to adopt the commission form of government.

Success in New Jersey made him a contender for the Democratic

presidential nomination. Although Wilson entered the 1912 Democratic

National Convention a poor second to Speaker of the House Champ Clark, his

strength increased as Clark's faded, and he won the nomination after 46

ballots. Offering a program of reform that he called the New Freedom,

Wilson ran against a divided Republican party. In November, with only 42

percent of the popular vote, he won 435 electoral votes to 88 for

Progressive candidate Theodore Roosevelt and 8 for the Republican

candidate, President William Howard Taft.

Progressive as President

By presenting his program personally before the Democratically

controlled Congress, employing personal persuasion as well as patronage,

and appealing to the American public with his stirring rhetoric, Wilson won

passage of an impressive array of progressive measures. The Underwood

Tariff Act (1913), the first reduction in duties since the Civil War, also

established a modest income tax. The Federal Reserve Act (1913) provided

for currency and banking reform. Antitrust legislation followed in 1914,

when Congress passed the Federal Trade Commission Act and the CLAYTON

ANTI-TRUST ACT. In 1915, Wilson supported the La Follette Seamen's bill,

designed to improve the working conditions of sailors. The following year

he signed the Federal Farm Loan Act, providing low-interest credit to

farmers; the Adamson Act, granting an 8-hour day to interstate railroad

workers; and the Child Labor Act, which limited children's working hours.

In foreign policy, Wilson was faced with greater problems than any

president since Abraham Lincoln. He attempted to end U.S. dollar diplomacy

and promote the mediation of disputes. He rejected a loan to China on the

grounds that it impaired Chinese sovereignty, and he helped thwart Japanese

designs on the Chinese mainland. He approved Secretary of State William

Jennings BRYAN's efforts to minimize the danger of war through a series of

"conciliation treaties" and joined him in an unsuccessful attempt to

negotiate a Pan-American pact guaranteeing the integrity of the Western

Hemisphere. In attempting to deal with revolutionary Mexico, Wilson first

sought to promote self-government by refusing to recognize the military

usurper Victoriano HUERTA and forcing him to allow free elections. When

Huerta resisted, Wilson tried to force him out by ordering (April 1914)

limited American intervention at Veracruz and by supporting

constitutionalist Venustiano CARRANZA. Mediation by Argentina, Brazil, and

Chile helped to prevent a general conflict and led to Huerta's resignation

in July 1914.

A year later, Wilson recognized Carranza's provisional government, and

in 1916 he intervened again after Carranza's rival, guerrilla leader Pancho

VILLA, had raided a town in New Mexico, killing several Americans. In 1915

and 1916 he reluctantly sent troops to Haiti and Santo Domingo to establish

U.S. protectorates.

After the outbreak of the European war in August 1914, Wilson

struggled with considerable success to fulfill the obligations of

neutrality, to keep trade channels open, and to prevent any abridgement of

U.S. rights, all in the face of the British blockade of Germany and the

latter's introduction of submarine warfare. He warned Germany in February

1915 that it would be held to "strict accountability" for the loss of

American lives in the sinking of neutral or passenger ships. After the

LUSITANIA was sunk in May 1915 (with the loss of 128 Americans), he

negotiated with such firmness that Secretary Bryan, fearing a declaration

of war, resigned in protest. In September 1915, Wilson won pledges from

Germany to provide for the safety of passengers caught in submarine

attacks, and in May 1916 the Germans agreed to abandon unrestricted

submarine warfare.

Running on his record of reform and with the slogan "He kept us out of

the war," Wilson sought reelection in 1916 against Republican Charles Evans

Hughes. The president won a narrow victory, receiving 277 out of 531

electoral votes.

Wartime Leader

When Germany renewed all-out submarine warfare in 1917, Wilson severed

diplomatic relations. In April he asked Congress for a declaration of war,

asserting that "the world must be made safe for democracy."

As war president, Wilson made a major contribution to the modern

presidency as he led Americans in a spectacular mobilization of the

nation's resources. Establishing a series of war agencies, he extended

federal control over industry, transportation, labor, food, fuel, and

prices. In May 1917 he forced through Congress a Selective Service bill

under which 2.8 million men were drafted by war's end. He sought and

received legislative delegation of increased powers, thus leaving for his

successors the precedents and tools to meet future crises.

Wilson the Peacemaker

From 1914, Wilson had sought ways to mediate the conflict. In 1915 and

1916 he sent his advisor and confidant, Col. Edward M. HOUSE, to Europe to

work toward a negotiated peace and postwar cooperation. In the spring of

1916, Wilson joined the call for a postwar association of nations; on Jan.

22, 1917, he called for a peace without victory and reaffirmed his support

for a league of nations.

With the United States in the war, Wilson hoped to have a stronger

influence on the peace settlement. On Jan. 8, 1918, he presented his

FOURTEEN POINTS, a comprehensive statement of war aims. It became at once a

war weapon and a peace program, inspiring the peoples of the Allied powers

while undermining the confidence of the Germans. Germany made its peace

overture in the hope of obtaining just treatment under Wilson's proposals.

Wilson headed the American delegation to the PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE.

He erred seriously, however, by not developing bipartisan support for his

peace plans; he did not appoint a prominent Republican to the delegation,

and he called on voters to reelect a Democratic Congress in 1918 as a vote

of confidence. Most contests were decided on local issues, and when

Republicans captured both houses of Congress, his leadership seemed

repudiated.

Wilson was hailed as a hero upon his arrival in Europe. At the

conference (January-June 1919) Allied leaders Georges CLEMENCEAU, David

LLOYD GEORGE, and Vittorio ORLANDO favored a traditional settlement. Wilson

worked tirelessly for a peace along the lines of his Fourteen Points; only

his shrewd bargaining prevented even harsher terms from being imposed on

Germany. Wilson characterized the Versailles Treaty as the best obtainable

compromise and put his hopes in the League of Nations, an integral part of

the treaty, as the institution through which inequities could be later

rectified.

Senate Republicans, led by Henry Cabot Lodge, refused to approve the

peace treaty without significant modifications of the U.S. commitment to

the League. Wilson accepted some compromise but then turned to the people.

In a national speaking tour he eloquently defended the League and U.S.

membership as essential to lasting world peace. Long months of exhausting

labor had weakened the president, however, and he collapsed on Sept. 25,

1919, following a speech in Pueblo, Colo.

A week later Wilson suffered a stroke that left him partially

incapacitated for the remainder of his life. From his bed he continued to

oppose severe restrictions to the League. The Senate, meanwhile, rejected

the treaty in November 1919 and March 1920. Wilson urged that the 1920

presidential election be a referendum on the League. Republican Warren G.

Harding, who had established a reputation as an opponent of the League, won

in a landslide.

In December 1920, Wilson won the Nobel Peace Prize for 1919. The

former president and his second wife, Edith Bolling Galt Wilson, whom he

married in 1915, after the death of his first wife, continued to make their

home in Washington, D.C. Wilson died there on Feb. 3, 1924.

Bibliography: Baker, Ray S., Woodrow Wilson: Life and Letters,

8 vols. (1927-39; repr. 1968); Bell, Herbert C. F., Woodrow

Wilson and the People (1945); Blum, John M., Woodrow Wilson and

the Politics of Morality (1956); Bragdon, Henry W., Woodrow

Wilson: The Academic Years (1967); Cooper, John M., The Warrior

and the Priest (1983); Ferrell, Robert H., Woodrow Wilson and

World War I: Nineteen Seventeen to Nineteen Twenty-one (1986);

Heckscher, August, Woodrow Wilson (1991); Latham, Earl, ed.,

The Philosophy and Policies of Woodrow Wilson (1975); Levin, N.

Gordon, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics (1968); Link, Arthur

S., Wilson, 5 vols. (1947-65), Woodrow Wilson: A Brief

Biography (1963), and Woodrow Wilson and a Revolutionary World,

1913-1921 (1982); Hirst, David W., et al., eds., The Papers of

Woodrow Wilson, 55 vols. (1966-86); Walworth, Arthur, Woodrow

Wilson, 3d ed. (1978).

NAME: Woodrow Wilson

28th President of the United States (1913-21)

Nickname: "Schoolmaster in Politics"

Born: Dec. 28, 1856, Staunton, Va.

Education: College of New Jersey (now Princeton University;

graduated 1879)

Profession: Teacher, Public Official

Religious affiliation: Presbyterian

Marriage: June 24, 1885, to Ellen Louise Axson (1860-1914);

Dec. 18, 1915, to Edith Bolling Galt (1872-1961)

Children: Margaret Woodrow Wilson (1886-1944); Jessie Woodrow

Wilson (1887-1933); Eleanor Randolph Wilson (1889-1967)

Political Affiliation: Democrat

Writings: George Washington (1896); A History of the American

People (5 vols., 1902); Constitutional Government in the United

States (1908); Papers of Woodrow Wilson (1966- ), ed. by Arthur

S. Link, et al.

Died: Feb. 3, 1924, Washington, D.C.

Buried: National Cathedral, Washington, D.C.

Vice-President: Thomas R. Marshall

Cabinet Members:^ Secretary of State: William J. Bryan

(1913-15); Robert Lansing (1915-20); Bainbridge Colby (1920-21)

Secretary of the Treasury: William G. McAdoo (1913-18); Carter

Glass (1918-20); David F. Houston (1920-21) Secretary of War:

Lindley M. Garrison (1913-16); Newton D. Baker (1916-21)

Attorney General: James C. McReynolds (1913-14); Thomas W.

Gregory (1914-19); Alexander M. Palmer (1919-21) Postmaster

General: Albert S. Burleson Secretary of the Navy: Josephus

Daniels Secretary of the Interior: Franklin K. Lane (1913-20);

John B. Payne (1920-21) Secretary of Agriculture: David F.

Houston (1913-20); Edwin T. Meredith (1920-21) Secretary of

Commerce: William C. Redfield (1913-19); Joshua W. Alexander

(1919-21) Secretary of Labor: William B. Wilson