Albert Einstein cont

Albert Einstein

Of all the scientists to emerge from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
there is one whose name is known by almost all living people. While most of
these do not understand this man's work, everyone knows that its impact on
the world of science is astonishing. Yes, many have heard of Albert
Einstein's General Theory of relativity, but few know about the intriguing
life that led this scientist to discover what some have called, "The greatest
single achievement of human thought."

Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany on March 14, 1874. Before his first
birthday, his family had moved to Munich where young Albert's father, Hermann
Einstein, and uncle set up a small electro-chemical business. He was fortunate
to have an excellent family with which he held a strong relationship. Albert's
mother, Pauline Einstein, had an intense passion for music and literature,
and it was she that first introduced her son to the violin in which he found
much joy and relaxation. Also, he was very close with his younger sister,
Maja, and they could often be found in the lakes that were scattered about the
countryside near Munich.

As a child, Einstein's sense of curiosity had already begun to stir. A
favorite toy of his was his father's compass, and he often marvelled at his
uncle's explanations of algebra. Although young Albert was intrigued by
certain mysteries of science, he was considered a slow learner. His failure
to become fluent in German until the age of nine even led some teachers to
believe he was disabled.

Einstein's post-basic education began at the Luitpold Gymnasium when he
was ten. It was here that he first encountered the German spirit through the
school's strict disciplinary policy. His disapproval of this method of
teaching led to his reputation as a rebel. It was probably these differences
that caused Einstein to search for knowledge at home. He began not with
science, but with religion. He avidly studied the Bible seeking truth, but
this religious fervor soon died down when he discovered the intrigue of science
and math. To him, these seemed much more realistic than ancient stories. With
this new knowledge he disliked class even more, and was eventually expelled
from Luitpold Gymnasium being considered a disruptive influence.

Feeling that he could no longer deal with the German mentality, Einstein
moved to Switzerland where he continued his education. At sixteen he attempted
to enroll at the Federal Institute of Technology but failed the entrance exam.
This forced him to study locally for one year until he finally passed the
school's evaluation. The Institute allowed Einstein to meet many other students
that shared his curiosity, and It was here that his studies turned mainly to
Physics. He quickly learned that while physicists had generally agreed on
major principals in the past, there were modern scientists who were
attempting to disprove outdated theories. Since most of Einstein's teachers
ignored these new ideas, he was again forced to explore on his own. In 1900
he graduated from the Institute and then achieved citizenship to Switzerland.

Einstein became a clerk at the Swiss Patent Office in 1902. This job had
little to do with physics, but he was able to satiate his curiosity by figuring
out how new inventions worked. The most important part of Einstein's
occupation was that it allowed him enough time to pursue his own line of
research. As his ideas began to develop, he published them in specialist
journals. Though he was still unknown to the scientific world, he began to
attract a large circle of friends and admirers. A group of students that he
tutored quickly transformed into a social club that shared a love of nature,
music, and of course, science. In 1903 he married Mileva Meric, a
mathematician friend.

In 1905, Einstein published five separate papers in a journal, the Annals
of Physics. The first was immediately acknowledged, and the University of
Zurich awarded Einstein an additional degree. The other papers helped to
develop modern physics and earned him the reputation of an artist. Many
scientists have said that Einstein's work contained an imaginative spirit
that was seen in most poetry. His work at this time dealt with molecules,
and how their motion affected temperature, but he is most well known for his
Special Theory of Relativity which tackled motion and the speed of light.
Perhaps the most important part of his discoveries was the equation: E= mc2.

After publishing these theories Einstein was promoted at his office. He
remained at the Patents Office for another two years, but his name was becoming
too big among the scientific community. In 1908, Einstein began teaching party
time at the University of Berne, and the following year, at the age of thirty,
he became employed full time by Zurich University. Einstein was now able to
move to Prague with his wife and two sons, Hans Albert and Eduard. Finally,
after being promoted to a professor, Einstein and his family were able to
enjoy a good standard of living, but the job's main advantage was that it
allowed Einstein to access an enormous library. It was here that he extended
his theory and discussed it with the leading scientists of Europe. In 1912 he
chose to accept a job placing him in high authority at the Federal Institute
of Technology, where he had originally studied. It was not until 1914 that
Einstein was tempted to return to Germany to become research director of the
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics.

World War I had a strong effect on Einstein. While the rest of Germany
supported the army, he felt the war was unnecessary, and disgusting. The new
weapons of war which attempted to mass slaughter people caused him to devote
much of his life toward creating peace. Toward the end of the war Einstein
joined a political party that worked to end the war, and return peace to
Europe. In 1916 this party was outlawed by the government, and Einstein was
seen as a traitor.

In that same year, Einstein published his General Theory of relativity,
This result of ten years work revolutionized physics. It basically stated that
the universe had to be thought of as curved, and told how light was affected
by this. The next year, Einstein published another paper that added that the
universe had no boundary, but actually twisted back on its self.

After the war, many aspects of Einstein's life changed. He divorced his
wife, who had been living in Zurich with the children throughout the war, and
married his cousin Elsa Lowenthal. This led to a renewed interest in his
Jewish roots, and he became an active supporter of Zionism. Since anti-
Semitism was growing in Germany, he quickly became the target of prejudice.
There were many rumors about groups who were trying to kill Einstein, and he
began to travel extensively. The biggest change, though, was in 1919 when
scientist who studied an eclipse confirmed that his theories were correct.

In 1921, he traveled through Britain and the United States raising funds
for Zionism and lecturing about his theories. He also visited the battle sites
of the war, and urged that Europe renew scientific and cultural links. He
promoted non-patriotic, non-competitive education, believing that it would
prevent war from happening in the future. He also believed that socialism
would help the world achieve peace.

Einstein received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1922. He gave all the
money to his ex-wife and children to help with their lives and education.
After another lecture tour, he visited Palestine for the opening the Hebrew
University in Jerusalem. He also talked about the possibilities that
Palestine held for the Jewish people. Upon his return he began to enjoy a
calmer life in which he returned to his original curiosity, religion.

While Einstein was visiting America in 1933 the Nazi party came to power in
Germany. Again he was subject to anti-Semitic attacks, but this time his
house was broken into, and he was publicly considered an enemy of the nation.
It was obvious that he could not return to Germany, and for the second time
he renounced his German citizenship. During these early years in America he
did some research at Princeton, but did not accomplish much of significance.

In 1939 the second World War began to take form. There was heated argument
during this time over whether the United States should explore the idea of an
atomic bomb. Einstein wrote to President Roosevelt warning him of the disaster
that could occur if the Nazi's developed it first. Einstein did not
participate in the development of the bomb, but the idea did stem from his
equation E=mc2. Just as he knew that the bomb was under development, he also
knew when it was going to be used. Just before the bomb was dropped on Japan
Einstein wrote a letter to the President begging him not to use this
terrible weapon.

The rest of Einstein's life was dedicated to promoting peace. After the war
ended, he declared, "The war is won, but the peace is not." He wrote many
articles and made many speeches calling for a world government. His fame, at
this point, was legendary. People from all over would write to him for advice,
and he would often answer them. He also continued his scientific research
until the day he died. This was on April 18, 1955. There is no doubt that he
was dissatisfied that he never was able to find the true meaning of existence
that he strove for all his life.

Bibliography

Clark, Ronald W., Einstein - The Life and Times, New York: World Publishing,
1971.

Dank, Milton, Albert Einstein, New York: An Impact Biography, 1920.

Dukas, Helen and Banesh Hoffman, eds., Albert Einstein: The Human Side,
Princeton: University Press, 1979.

Einstein, Albert, Carl Seelig, ed., Ideas and Opinions, New York: Bonanza
Books, 1954.

"Einstein, Albert." Random House Encyclopedia, Random House Press, 1990
edition.

Hunter, Nigel, Einstein, New York: Bookwright Press, 1987.

Nourse, Dr. Alan E., Universe, Earth, and Atom: The Story of Physics, New
York and Evanston: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1969.